Methods and apparatus for high-level syntax in video coding

ABSTRACT

An electronic apparatus performs a method of decoding video data. The method comprises: receiving, from a bitstream, multiple syntax elements at one or more of sequence parameter set (SPS) level, picture parameter set (PPS) level, and slice level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; in accordance with a determination that at least one of the multiple syntax elements satisfies a predefined condition: receiving, from the bitstream, a second syntax element after the multiple syntax elements; in accordance with a determination that the at least one of the multiple syntax elements does not satisfy the predefined condition: setting a value of the second syntax element to a default value; and performing the predefined function for video data from the bitstream in accordance with at least one of the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from the group consisting of intra prediction function, inter prediction function, and merge mode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2021/026881, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH-LEVEL SYNTAX IN VIDEO CODING”, filed on Apr. 12, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/008,648, entitled “HIGH-LEVEL SYNTAX FOR VIDEO CODING” filed Apr. 10, 2020, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application generally relates to video data coding and compression, and in particular, to methods and systems of video coding high-level syntax in video bitstream applicable to one or more video coding standards.

BACKGROUND

Digital video is supported by a variety of electronic devices, such as digital televisions, laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, smart phones, video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, etc. The electronic devices transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital video data by implementing video compression/decompression standards as defined by MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), and Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. Video compression typically includes performing spatial (intra frame) prediction and/or temporal (inter frame) prediction to reduce or remove redundancy inherent in the video data. For block-based video coding, a video frame is partitioned into one or more slices, each slice having multiple video blocks, which may also be referred to as coding tree units (CTUs). Each CTU may contain one coding unit (CU) or recursively split into smaller CUs until the predefined minimum CU size is reached. Each CU (also named leaf CU) contains one or multiple transform units (TUs) and each CU also contains one or multiple prediction units (PUs). Each CU can be coded in either intra, inter or IBC modes. Video blocks in an intra coded (I) slice of a video frame are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks within the same video frame. Video blocks in an inter coded (P or B) slice of a video frame may use spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks within the same video frame or temporal prediction with respect to reference samples in other previous and/or future reference video frames.

Spatial or temporal prediction based on a reference block that has been previously encoded, e.g., a neighboring block, results in a predictive block for a current video block to be coded. The process of finding the reference block may be accomplished by block matching algorithm. Residual data representing pixel differences between the current block to be coded and the predictive block is referred to as a residual block or prediction errors. An inter-coded block is encoded according to a motion vector that points to a reference block in a reference frame forming the predictive block, and the residual block. The process of determining the motion vector is typically referred to as motion estimation. An intra coded block is encoded according to an intra prediction mode and the residual block. For further compression, the residual block is transformed from the pixel domain to a transform domain, e.g., frequency domain, resulting in residual transform coefficients, which may then be quantized. The quantized transform coefficients, initially arranged in a two-dimensional array, may be scanned to produce a one-dimensional vector of transform coefficients, and then entropy encoded into a video bitstream to achieve even more compression.

The encoded video bitstream is then saved in a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., flash memory) to be accessed by another electronic device with digital video capability or directly transmitted to the electronic device wired or wirelessly. The electronic device then performs video decompression (which is an opposite process to the video compression described above) by, e.g., parsing the encoded video bitstream to obtain syntax elements from the bitstream and reconstructing the digital video data to its original format from the encoded video bitstream based at least in part on the syntax elements obtained from the bitstream, and renders the reconstructed digital video data on a display of the electronic device.

With digital video quality going from high definition, to 4K×2K or even 8K×4K, the amount of vide data to be encoded/decoded grows exponentially. It is a constant challenge in terms of how the video data can be encoded/decoded more efficiently while maintaining the image quality of the decoded video data.

SUMMARY

The present application describes implementations related to video data encoding and decoding and, more particularly, to methods and systems of video coding high-level syntax in video bitstream applicable to one or more video coding standards.

According to a first aspect of the present application, a method of decoding video data includes: receiving, from a bitstream, multiple syntax elements at sequence parameter set (SPS) level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; in accordance with a determination that at least one of the multiple syntax elements satisfies a predefined condition: receiving, from the bitstream, a second syntax element after the multiple syntax elements; in accordance with a determination that the at least one of the multiple syntax elements does not satisfy the predefined condition: setting a value of the second syntax element to a default value; and performing the predefined function for video data from the bitstream in accordance with at least one of the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from the group consisting of intra prediction function, inter prediction function, and merge mode.

According to a second aspect of the present application, a method of decoding video data includes: receiving, from a bitstream, multiple syntax elements at one or more of picture parameter set (PPS) level and slice level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; in accordance with a determination that at least one of the multiple syntax elements satisfies a predefined condition: receiving, from the bitstream, a second syntax element after the multiple syntax elements; in accordance with a determination that the at least one of the multiple syntax elements does not satisfy the predefined condition: setting a value of the second syntax element to a default value; and performing the predefined function for video data from the bitstream in accordance with at least one of the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from the group consisting of quantization function, intra prediction function, and inter prediction function.

According to a third aspect of the present application, an electronic apparatus includes one or more processing units, memory and a plurality of programs stored in the memory. The programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform the method of decoding video data as described above.

According to a fourth aspect of the present application, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores a plurality of programs for execution by an electronic apparatus having one or more processing units. The programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform the method of decoding video data as described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the implementations and are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate the described implementations and together with the description serve to explain the underlying principles. Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding and decoding system in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4A through 4E are block diagrams illustrating how a frame is recursively partitioned into multiple video blocks of different sizes and shapes in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for decoding a video signal in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for decoding a video signal in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example process by which a video decoder implements the techniques of decoding video data in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to specific implementations, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous non-limiting specific details are set forth in order to assist in understanding the subject matter presented herein. But it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various alternatives may be used without departing from the scope of claims and the subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. For example, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the subject matter presented herein can be implemented on many types of electronic devices with digital video capabilities.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system 10 for encoding and decoding video blocks in parallel in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1 , system 10 includes a source device 12 that generates and encodes video data to be decoded at a later time by a destination device 14. Source device 12 and destination device 14 may comprise any of a wide variety of electronic devices, including desktop or laptop computers, tablet computers, smart phones, set-top boxes, digital televisions, cameras, display devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, video streaming device, or the like. In some implementations, source device 12 and destination device 14 are equipped with wireless communication capabilities.

In some implementations, destination device 14 may receive the encoded video data to be decoded via a link 16. Link 16 may comprise any type of communication medium or device capable of moving the encoded video data from source device 12 to destination device 14. In one example, link 16 may comprise a communication medium to enable source device 12 to transmit the encoded video data directly to destination device 14 in real-time. The encoded video data may be modulated according to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol, and transmitted to destination device 14. The communication medium may comprise any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The communication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, or a global network such as the Internet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communication from source device 12 to destination device 14.

In some other implementations, the encoded video data may be transmitted from output interface 22 to a storage device 32. Subsequently, the encoded video data in storage device 32 may be accessed by destination device 14 via input interface 28. Storage device 32 may include any of a variety of distributed or locally accessed data storage media such as a hard drive, Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or any other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data. In a further example, storage device 32 may correspond to a file server or another intermediate storage device that may hold the encoded video data generated by source device 12. Destination device 14 may access the stored video data from storage device 32 via streaming or downloading. The file server may be any type of computer capable of storing encoded video data and transmitting the encoded video data to destination device 14. Example file servers include a web server (e.g., for a website), an FTP server, network attached storage (NAS) devices, or a local disk drive. Destination device 14 may access the encoded video data through any standard data connection, including a wireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g., DSL, cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable for accessing encoded video data stored on a file server. The transmission of encoded video data from storage device 32 may be a streaming transmission, a download transmission, or a combination of both.

As shown in FIG. 1 , source device 12 includes a video source 18, a video encoder 20 and an output interface 22. Video source 18 may include a source such as a video capture device, e.g., a video camera, a video archive containing previously captured video, a video feed interface to receive video from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics system for generating computer graphics data as the source video, or a combination of such sources. As one example, if video source 18 is a video camera of a security surveillance system, source device 12 and destination device 14 may form camera phones or video phones. However, the implementations described in the present application may be applicable to video coding in general, and may be applied to wireless and/or wired applications.

The captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video may be encoded by video encoder 20. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly to destination device 14 via output interface 22 of source device 12. The encoded video data may also (or alternatively) be stored onto storage device 32 for later access by destination device 14 or other devices, for decoding and/or playback. Output interface 22 may further include a modem and/or a transmitter.

Destination device 14 includes an input interface 28, a video decoder 30, and a display device 34. Input interface 28 may include a receiver and/or a modem and receive the encoded video data over link 16. The encoded video data communicated over link 16, or provided on storage device 32, may include a variety of syntax elements generated by video encoder 20 for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the video data. Such syntax elements may be included within the encoded video data transmitted on a communication medium, stored on a storage medium, or stored a file server.

In some implementations, destination device 14 may include a display device 34, which can be an integrated display device and an external display device that is configured to communicate with destination device 14. Display device 34 displays the decoded video data to a user, and may comprise any of a variety of display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display device.

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may operate according to proprietary or industry standards, such as VVC, HEVC, MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), or extensions of such standards. It should be understood that the present application is not limited to a specific video coding/decoding standard and may be applicable to other video coding/decoding standards. It is generally contemplated that video encoder 20 of source device 12 may be configured to encode video data according to any of these current or future standards. Similarly, it is also generally contemplated that video decoder 30 of destination device 14 may be configured to decode video data according to any of these current or future standards.

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable encoder circuitry, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. When implemented partially in software, an electronic device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the video coding/decoding operations disclosed in the present disclosure. Each of video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 20 in accordance with some implementations described in the present application. Video encoder 20 may perform intra and inter predictive coding of video blocks within video frames. Intra predictive coding relies on spatial prediction to reduce or remove spatial redundancy in video data within a given video frame or picture. Inter predictive coding relies on temporal prediction to reduce or remove temporal redundancy in video data within adjacent video frames or pictures of a video sequence.

As shown in FIG. 2 , video encoder 20 includes video data memory 40, prediction processing unit 41, decoded picture buffer (DPB) 64, summer 50, transform processing unit 52, quantization unit 54, and entropy encoding unit 56. Prediction processing unit 41 further includes motion estimation unit 42, motion compensation unit 44, partition unit 45, intra prediction processing unit 46, and intra block copy (BC) unit 48. In some implementations, video encoder 20 also includes inverse quantization unit 58, inverse transform processing unit 60, and summer 62 for video block reconstruction. A deblocking filter (not shown) may be positioned between summer 62 and DPB 64 to filter block boundaries to remove blockiness artifacts from reconstructed video. An in loop filter (not shown) may also be used in addition to the deblocking filter to filter the output of summer 62. Video encoder 20 may take the form of a fixed or programmable hardware unit or may be divided among one or more of the illustrated fixed or programmable hardware units.

Video data memory 40 may store video data to be encoded by the components of video encoder 20. The video data in video data memory 40 may be obtained, for example, from video source 18. DPB 64 is a buffer that stores reference video data for use in encoding video data by video encoder 20 (e.g., in intra or inter predictive coding modes). Video data memory 40 and DPB 64 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices. In various examples, video data memory 40 may be on-chip with other components of video encoder 20, or off-chip relative to those components.

As shown in FIG. 2 , after receiving video data, partition unit 45 within prediction processing unit 41 partitions the video data into video blocks. This partitioning may also include partitioning a video frame into slices, tiles, or other larger coding units (CUs) according to a predefined splitting structures such as quad-tree structure associated with the video data. The video frame may be divided into multiple video blocks (or sets of video blocks referred to as tiles). Prediction processing unit 41 may select one of a plurality of possible predictive coding modes, such as one of a plurality of intra predictive coding modes or one of a plurality of inter predictive coding modes, for the current video block based on error results (e.g., coding rate and the level of distortion). Prediction processing unit 41 may provide the resulting intra or inter prediction coded block to summer 50 to generate a residual block and to summer 62 to reconstruct the encoded block for use as part of a reference frame subsequently. Prediction processing unit 41 also provides syntax elements, such as motion vectors, intra-mode indicators, partition information, and other such syntax information, to entropy encoding unit 56.

In order to select an appropriate intra predictive coding mode for the current video block, intra prediction processing unit 46 within prediction processing unit 41 may perform intra predictive coding of the current video block relative to one or more neighboring blocks in the same frame as the current block to be coded to provide spatial prediction. Motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 within prediction processing unit 41 perform inter predictive coding of the current video block relative to one or more predictive blocks in one or more reference frames to provide temporal prediction. Video encoder 20 may perform multiple coding passes, e.g., to select an appropriate coding mode for each block of video data.

In some implementations, motion estimation unit 42 determines the inter prediction mode for a current video frame by generating a motion vector, which indicates the displacement of a prediction unit (PU) of a video block within the current video frame relative to a predictive block within a reference video frame, according to a predetermined pattern within a sequence of video frames. Motion estimation, performed by motion estimation unit 42, is the process of generating motion vectors, which estimate motion for video blocks. A motion vector, for example, may indicate the displacement of a PU of a video block within a current video frame or picture relative to a predictive block within a reference frame (or other coded unit) relative to the current block being coded within the current frame (or other coded unit). The predetermined pattern may designate video frames in the sequence as P frames or B frames. Intra BC unit 48 may determine vectors, e.g., block vectors, for intra BC coding in a manner similar to the determination of motion vectors by motion estimation unit 42 for inter prediction, or may utilize motion estimation unit 42 to determine the block vector.

A predictive block is a block of a reference frame that is deemed as closely matching the PU of the video block to be coded in terms of pixel difference, which may be determined by sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of square difference (SSD), or other difference metrics. In some implementations, video encoder 20 may calculate values for sub-integer pixel positions of reference frames stored in DPB 64. For example, video encoder 20 may interpolate values of one-quarter pixel positions, one-eighth pixel positions, or other fractional pixel positions of the reference frame. Therefore, motion estimation unit 42 may perform a motion search relative to the full pixel positions and fractional pixel positions and output a motion vector with fractional pixel precision.

Motion estimation unit 42 calculates a motion vector for a PU of a video block in an inter prediction coded frame by comparing the position of the PU to the position of a predictive block of a reference frame selected from a first reference frame list (List 0) or a second reference frame list (List 1), each of which identifies one or more reference frames stored in DPB 64. Motion estimation unit 42 sends the calculated motion vector to motion compensation unit 44 and then to entropy encoding unit 56.

Motion compensation, performed by motion compensation unit 44, may involve fetching or generating the predictive block based on the motion vector determined by motion estimation unit 42. Upon receiving the motion vector for the PU of the current video block, motion compensation unit 44 may locate a predictive block to which the motion vector points in one of the reference frame lists, retrieve the predictive block from DPB 64, and forward the predictive block to summer 50. Summer 50 then forms a residual video block of pixel difference values by subtracting pixel values of the predictive block provided by motion compensation unit 44 from the pixel values of the current video block being coded. The pixel difference values forming the residual vide block may include luma or chroma difference components or both. Motion compensation unit 44 may also generate syntax elements associated with the video blocks of a video frame for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the video blocks of the video frame. The syntax elements may include, for example, syntax elements defining the motion vector used to identify the predictive block, any flags indicating the prediction mode, or any other syntax information described herein. Note that motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 may be highly integrated, but are illustrated separately for conceptual purposes.

In some implementations, intra BC unit 48 may generate vectors and fetch predictive blocks in a manner similar to that described above in connection with motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44, but with the predictive blocks being in the same frame as the current block being coded and with the vectors being referred to as block vectors as opposed to motion vectors. In particular, intra BC unit 48 may determine an intra-prediction mode to use to encode a current block. In some examples, intra BC unit 48 may encode a current block using various intra-prediction modes, e.g., during separate encoding passes, and test their performance through rate-distortion analysis. Next, intra BC unit 48 may select, among the various tested intra-prediction modes, an appropriate intra-prediction mode to use and generate an intra-mode indicator accordingly. For example, intra BC unit 48 may calculate rate-distortion values using a rate-distortion analysis for the various tested intra-prediction modes, and select the intra-prediction mode having the best rate-distortion characteristics among the tested modes as the appropriate intra-prediction mode to use. Rate-distortion analysis generally determines an amount of distortion (or error) between an encoded block and an original, unencoded block that was encoded to produce the encoded block, as well as a bitrate (i.e., a number of bits) used to produce the encoded block. Intra BC unit 48 may calculate ratios from the distortions and rates for the various encoded blocks to determine which intra-prediction mode exhibits the best rate-distortion value for the block.

In other examples, intra BC unit 48 may use motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44, in whole or in part, to perform such functions for Intra BC prediction according to the implementations described herein. In either case, for Intra block copy, a predictive block may be a block that is deemed as closely matching the block to be coded, in terms of pixel difference, which may be determined by sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared difference (SSD), or other difference metrics, and identification of the predictive block may include calculation of values for sub-integer pixel positions.

Whether the predictive block is from the same frame according to intra prediction, or a different frame according to inter prediction, video encoder 20 may form a residual video block by subtracting pixel values of the predictive block from the pixel values of the current video block being coded, forming pixel difference values. The pixel difference values forming the residual video block may include both luma and chroma component differences.

Intra prediction processing unit 46 may intra-predict a current video block, as an alternative to the inter-prediction performed by motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44, or the intra block copy prediction performed by intra BC unit 48, as described above. In particular, intra prediction processing unit 46 may determine an intra prediction mode to use to encode a current block. To do so, intra prediction processing unit 46 may encode a current block using various intra prediction modes, e.g., during separate encoding passes, and intra prediction processing unit 46 (or a mode select unit, in some examples) may select an appropriate intra prediction mode to use from the tested intra prediction modes. Intra prediction processing unit 46 may provide information indicative of the selected intra-prediction mode for the block to entropy encoding unit 56. Entropy encoding unit 56 may encode the information indicating the selected intra-prediction mode in the bitstream.

After prediction processing unit 41 determines the predictive block for the current video block via either inter prediction or intra prediction, summer 50 forms a residual video block by subtracting the predictive block from the current video block. The residual video data in the residual block may be included in one or more transform units (TUs) and is provided to transform processing unit 52. Transform processing unit 52 transforms the residual video data into residual transform coefficients using a transform, such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT) or a conceptually similar transform.

Transform processing unit 52 may send the resulting transform coefficients to quantization unit 54. Quantization unit 54 quantizes the transform coefficients to further reduce bit rate. The quantization process may also reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the coefficients. The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantization parameter. In some examples, quantization unit 54 may then perform a scan of a matrix including the quantized transform coefficients. Alternatively, entropy encoding unit 56 may perform the scan.

Following quantization, entropy encoding unit 56 entropy encodes the quantized transform coefficients into a video bitstream using, e.g., context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC), probability interval partitioning entropy (PIPE) coding or another entropy encoding methodology or technique. The encoded bitstream may then be transmitted to video decoder 30, or archived in storage device 32 for later transmission to or retrieval by video decoder 30. Entropy encoding unit 56 may also entropy encode the motion vectors and the other syntax elements for the current video frame being coded.

Inverse quantization unit 58 and inverse transform processing unit 60 apply inverse quantization and inverse transformation, respectively, to reconstruct the residual video block in the pixel domain for generating a reference block for prediction of other video blocks. As noted above, motion compensation unit 44 may generate a motion compensated predictive block from one or more reference blocks of the frames stored in DPB 64. Motion compensation unit 44 may also apply one or more interpolation filters to the predictive block to calculate sub-integer pixel values for use in motion estimation.

Summer 62 adds the reconstructed residual block to the motion compensated predictive block produced by motion compensation unit 44 to produce a reference block for storage in DPB 64. The reference block may then be used by intra BC unit 48, motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 as a predictive block to inter predict another video block in a subsequent video frame.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder 30 in accordance with some implementations of the present application. Video decoder 30 includes video data memory 79, entropy decoding unit 80, prediction processing unit 81, inverse quantization unit 86, inverse transform processing unit 88, summer 90, and DPB 92. Prediction processing unit 81 further includes motion compensation unit 82, intra prediction processing unit 84, and intra BC unit 85. Video decoder 30 may perform a decoding process generally reciprocal to the encoding process described above with respect to video encoder 20 in connection with FIG. 2 . For example, motion compensation unit 82 may generate prediction data based on motion vectors received from entropy decoding unit 80, while intra-prediction unit 84 may generate prediction data based on intra-prediction mode indicators received from entropy decoding unit 80.

In some examples, a unit of video decoder 30 may be tasked to perform the implementations of the present application. Also, in some examples, the implementations of the present disclosure may be divided among one or more of the units of video decoder 30. For example, intra BC unit 85 may perform the implementations of the present application, alone, or in combination with other units of video decoder 30, such as motion compensation unit 82, intra prediction processing unit 84, and entropy decoding unit 80. In some examples, video decoder 30 may not include intra BC unit 85 and the functionality of intra BC unit 85 may be performed by other components of prediction processing unit 81, such as motion compensation unit 82.

Video data memory 79 may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream, to be decoded by the other components of video decoder 30. The video data stored in video data memory 79 may be obtained, for example, from storage device 32, from a local video source, such as a camera, via wired or wireless network communication of video data, or by accessing physical data storage media (e.g., a flash drive or hard disk). Video data memory 79 may include a coded picture buffer (CPB) that stores encoded video data from an encoded video bitstream. Decoded picture buffer (DPB) 92 of video decoder 30 stores reference video data for use in decoding video data by video decoder 30 (e.g., in intra or inter predictive coding modes). Video data memory 79 and DPB 92 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. For illustrative purpose, video data memory 79 and DPB 92 are depicted as two distinct components of video decoder 30 in FIG. 3 . But it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that video data memory 79 and DPB 92 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In some examples, video data memory 79 may be on-chip with other components of video decoder 30, or off-chip relative to those components.

During the decoding process, video decoder 30 receives an encoded video bitstream that represents video blocks of an encoded video frame and associated syntax elements. Video decoder 30 may receive the syntax elements at the video frame level and/or the video block level. Entropy decoding unit 80 of video decoder 30 entropy decodes the bitstream to generate quantized coefficients, motion vectors or intra-prediction mode indicators, and other syntax elements. Entropy decoding unit 80 then forwards the motion vectors and other syntax elements to prediction processing unit 81.

When the video frame is coded as an intra predictive coded (I) frame or for intra coded predictive blocks in other types of frames, intra prediction processing unit 84 of prediction processing unit 81 may generate prediction data for a video block of the current video frame based on a signaled intra prediction mode and reference data from previously decoded blocks of the current frame.

When the video frame is coded as an inter-predictive coded (i.e., B or P) frame, motion compensation unit 82 of prediction processing unit 81 produces one or more predictive blocks for a video block of the current video frame based on the motion vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 80. Each of the predictive blocks may be produced from a reference frame within one of the reference frame lists. Video decoder 30 may construct the reference frame lists, List 0 and List 1, using default construction techniques based on reference frames stored in DPB 92.

In some examples, when the video block is coded according to the intra BC mode described herein, intra BC unit 85 of prediction processing unit 81 produces predictive blocks for the current video block based on block vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 80. The predictive blocks may be within a reconstructed region of the same picture as the current video block defined by video encoder 20.

Motion compensation unit 82 and/or intra BC unit 85 determines prediction information for a video block of the current video frame by parsing the motion vectors and other syntax elements, and then uses the prediction information to produce the predictive blocks for the current video block being decoded. For example, motion compensation unit 82 uses some of the received syntax elements to determine a prediction mode (e.g., intra or inter prediction) used to code video blocks of the video frame, an inter prediction frame type (e.g., B or P), construction information for one or more of the reference frame lists for the frame, motion vectors for each inter predictive encoded video block of the frame, inter prediction status for each inter predictive coded video block of the frame, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video frame.

Similarly, intra BC unit 85 may use some of the received syntax elements, e.g., a flag, to determine that the current video block was predicted using the intra BC mode, construction information of which video blocks of the frame are within the reconstructed region and should be stored in DPB 92, block vectors for each intra BC predicted video block of the frame, intra BC prediction status for each intra BC predicted video block of the frame, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video frame.

Motion compensation unit 82 may also perform interpolation using the interpolation filters as used by video encoder 20 during encoding of the video blocks to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of reference blocks. In this case, motion compensation unit 82 may determine the interpolation filters used by video encoder 20 from the received syntax elements and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Inverse quantization unit 86 inverse quantizes the quantized transform coefficients provided in the bitstream and entropy decoded by entropy decoding unit 80 using the same quantization parameter calculated by video encoder 20 for each video block in the video frame to determine a degree of quantization. Inverse transform processing unit 88 applies an inverse transform, e.g., an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, or a conceptually similar inverse transform process, to the transform coefficients in order to reconstruct the residual blocks in the pixel domain.

After motion compensation unit 82 or intra BC unit 85 generates the predictive block for the current video block based on the vectors and other syntax elements, summer 90 reconstructs decoded video block for the current video block by summing the residual block from inverse transform processing unit 88 and a corresponding predictive block generated by motion compensation unit 82 and intra BC unit 85. An in-loop filter (not pictured) may be positioned between summer 90 and DPB 92 to further process the decoded video block. The decoded video blocks in a given frame are then stored in DPB 92, which stores reference frames used for subsequent motion compensation of next video blocks. DPB 92, or a memory device separate from DPB 92, may also store decoded video for later presentation on a display device, such as display device 34 of FIG. 1 .

In a typical video coding process, a video sequence typically includes an ordered set of frames or pictures. Each frame may include three sample arrays, denoted SL, SCb, and SCr. SL is a two-dimensional array of luma samples. SCb is a two-dimensional array of Cb chroma samples. SCr is a two-dimensional array of Cr chroma samples. In other instances, a frame may be monochrome and therefore includes only one two-dimensional array of luma samples.

As shown in FIG. 4A, video encoder 20 (or more specifically partition unit 45) generates an encoded representation of a frame by first partitioning the frame into a set of coding tree units (CTUs). A video frame may include an integer number of CTUs ordered consecutively in a raster scan order from left to right and from top to bottom. Each CTU is a largest logical coding unit and the width and height of the CTU are signaled by the video encoder 20 in a sequence parameter set, such that all the CTUs in a video sequence have the same size being one of 128×128, 64×64, 32×32, and 16×16. But it should be noted that the present application is not necessarily limited to a particular size. As shown in FIG. 4B, each CTU may comprise one coding tree block (CTB) of luma samples, two corresponding coding tree blocks of chroma samples, and syntax elements used to code the samples of the coding tree blocks. The syntax elements describe properties of different types of units of a coded block of pixels and how the video sequence can be reconstructed at the video decoder 30, including inter or intra prediction, intra prediction mode, motion vectors, and other parameters. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a CTU may comprise a single coding tree block and syntax elements used to code the samples of the coding tree block. A coding tree block may be an N×N block of samples.

To achieve a better performance, video encoder 20 may recursively perform tree partitioning such as binary-tree partitioning, ternary-tree partitioning, quad-tree partitioning or a combination of both on the coding tree blocks of the CTU and divide the CTU into smaller coding units (CUs). As depicted in FIG. 4C, the 64×64 CTU 400 is first divided into four smaller CU, each having a block size of 32×32. Among the four smaller CUs, CU 410 and CU 420 are each divided into four CUs of 16×16 by block size. The two 16×16 CUs 430 and 440 are each further divided into four CUs of 8×8 by block size. FIG. 4D depicts a quad-tree data structure illustrating the end result of the partition process of the CTU 400 as depicted in FIG. 4C, each leaf node of the quad-tree corresponding to one CU of a respective size ranging from 32×32 to 8×8. Like the CTU depicted in FIG. 4B, each CU may comprise a coding block (CB) of luma samples and two corresponding coding blocks of chroma samples of a frame of the same size, and syntax elements used to code the samples of the coding blocks. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a CU may comprise a single coding block and syntax structures used to code the samples of the coding block. It should be noted that the quad-tree partitioning depicted in FIGS. 4C and 4D is only for illustrative purposes and one CTU can be split into CUs to adapt to varying local characteristics based on quad/ternary/binary-tree partitions. In the multi-type tree structure, one CTU is partitioned by a quad-tree structure and each quad-tree leaf CU can be further partitioned by a binary and ternary tree structure. As shown in FIG. 4E, there are five partitioning types, i.e., quaternary partitioning, horizontal binary partitioning, vertical binary partitioning, horizontal ternary partitioning, and vertical ternary partitioning.

In some implementations, video encoder 20 may further partition a coding block of a CU into one or more M×N prediction blocks (PB). A prediction block is a rectangular (square or non-square) block of samples on which the same prediction, inter or intra, is applied. A prediction unit (PU) of a CU may comprise a prediction block of luma samples, two corresponding prediction blocks of chroma samples, and syntax elements used to predict the prediction blocks. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a PU may comprise a single prediction block and syntax structures used to predict the prediction block. Video encoder 20 may generate predictive luma, Cb, and Cr blocks for luma, Cb, and Cr prediction blocks of each PU of the CU.

Video encoder 20 may use intra prediction or inter prediction to generate the predictive blocks for a PU. If video encoder 20 uses intra prediction to generate the predictive blocks of a PU, video encoder 20 may generate the predictive blocks of the PU based on decoded samples of the frame associated with the PU. If video encoder 20 uses inter prediction to generate the predictive blocks of a PU, video encoder 20 may generate the predictive blocks of the PU based on decoded samples of one or more frames other than the frame associated with the PU.

After video encoder 20 generates predictive luma, Cb, and Cr blocks for one or more PUs of a CU, video encoder 20 may generate a luma residual block for the CU by subtracting the CU's predictive luma blocks from its original luma coding block such that each sample in the CU's luma residual block indicates a difference between a luma sample in one of the CU's predictive luma blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU's original luma coding block. Similarly, video encoder 20 may generate a Cb residual block and a Cr residual block for the CU, respectively, such that each sample in the CU's Cb residual block indicates a difference between a Cb sample in one of the CU's predictive Cb blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU's original Cb coding block and each sample in the CU's Cr residual block may indicate a difference between a Cr sample in one of the CU's predictive Cr blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU's original Cr coding block.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 4C, video encoder 20 may use quad-tree partitioning to decompose the luma, Cb, and Cr residual blocks of a CU into one or more luma, Cb, and Cr transform blocks. A transform block is a rectangular (square or non-square) block of samples on which the same transform is applied. A transform unit (TU) of a CU may comprise a transform block of luma samples, two corresponding transform blocks of chroma samples, and syntax elements used to transform the transform block samples. Thus, each TU of a CU may be associated with a luma transform block, a Cb transform block, and a Cr transform block. In some examples, the luma transform block associated with the TU may be a sub-block of the CU's luma residual block. The Cb transform block may be a sub-block of the CU's Cb residual block. The Cr transform block may be a sub-block of the CU's Cr residual block. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a TU may comprise a single transform block and syntax structures used to transform the samples of the transform block.

Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a luma transform block of a TU to generate a luma coefficient block for the TU. A coefficient block may be a two-dimensional array of transform coefficients. A transform coefficient may be a scalar quantity. Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a Cb transform block of a TU to generate a Cb coefficient block for the TU. Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a Cr transform block of a TU to generate a Cr coefficient block for the TU.

After generating a coefficient block (e.g., a luma coefficient block, a Cb coefficient block or a Cr coefficient block), video encoder 20 may quantize the coefficient block. Quantization generally refers to a process in which transform coefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amount of data used to represent the transform coefficients, providing further compression. After video encoder 20 quantizes a coefficient block, video encoder 20 may entropy encode syntax elements indicating the quantized transform coefficients. For example, video encoder 20 may perform Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) on the syntax elements indicating the quantized transform coefficients. Finally, video encoder 20 may output a bitstream that includes a sequence of bits that forms a representation of coded frames and associated data, which is either saved in storage device 32 or transmitted to destination device 14.

After receiving a bitstream generated by video encoder 20, video decoder 30 may parse the bitstream to obtain syntax elements from the bitstream. Video decoder 30 may reconstruct the frames of the video data based at least in part on the syntax elements obtained from the bitstream. The process of reconstructing the video data is generally reciprocal to the encoding process performed by video encoder 20. For example, video decoder 30 may perform inverse transforms on the coefficient blocks associated with TUs of a current CU to reconstruct residual blocks associated with the TUs of the current CU. Video decoder 30 also reconstructs the coding blocks of the current CU by adding the samples of the predictive blocks for PUs of the current CU to corresponding samples of the transform blocks of the TUs of the current CU. After reconstructing the coding blocks for each CU of a frame, video decoder 30 may reconstruct the frame.

In general, the basic intra prediction scheme applied in the VVC is kept the same as that of the HEVC, except that several modules are further extended and/or improved, e.g., matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) coding mode, intra sub-partition (ISP) coding mode, extended intra prediction with wide-angle intra directions, position-dependent intra prediction combination (PDPC) and 4-tap intra interpolation. The main focus of the disclosure is to improve the existing high-level syntax design in the VVC standard. The related background knowledge is elaborated in the following sections.

Like HEVC, VVC uses a Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit-based bitstream structure. A coded bitstream is partitioned into NAL units which, when conveyed over lossy packet networks, should be smaller than the maximum transfer unit size. Each NAL unit consists of a NAL unit header followed by the NAL unit payload. There are two conceptual classes of NAL units. Video coding layer (VCL) NAL units containing coded sample data, e.g., coded slice NAL units, whereas non-VCL NAL units that contain metadata typically belonging to more than one coded picture, or where the association with a single coded picture would be meaningless, such as parameter set NAL units, or where the information is not needed by the decoding process, such as SEI NAL units.

In VVC, a two-byte NAL unit header was introduced with the anticipation that this design is sufficient to support future extensions. The syntax and the associated semantic of the NAL unit header in the current VVC draft specification are illustrated in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. How to read Table 1 is illustrated in the appendix section of this invention, which could also be found in the VVC specification.

TABLE 1 NAL unit header syntax Descriptor nal_unit_header( ) {  forbidden_zero_bit f(1)  nuh_reserved_zero_bit u(1)  nuh_layer_id u(6)  nal_unit_type u(5)  nuh_temporal_id_plus1 u(3) }

TABLE 2 NAL unit header semantics forbidden_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. nuh_reserved_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. The value 1 of nuh_reserved_zero_bit may be specified in the future by ITU-T | ISO/IEC. Decoders shall ignore (i.e., remove from the bitstream and discard) NAL units with nuh_reserved_zero_bit equal to 1. nuh_layer_id specifies the identifier of the layer to which a VCL NAL unit belongs or the identifier of a layer to which a non-VCL NAL unit applies. The value of nuh_layer_id shall be in the range of 0 to 55, inclusive. Other values for nuh_layer_id are reserved for future use by ITU-T | ISO/IEC. The value of nuh_layer_id shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a coded picture. The value of nuh_layer_id of a coded picture or a PU is the value of the nuh_layer_id of the VCL NAL units of the coded picture or the PU. The value of nuh_layer_id for AUD, PH, EOS, and FD NAL units is constrained as follows: - If nal_unit_type is equal to AUD_NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be equal to vps_layer_id[ 0 ]. [Ed. (YK): Check whether it's better to treat the nuh_layer_id of AUD in the same way as for DCI NAL unit, VPS, and EOB, i.e., not constrained.] - Otherwise, when nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, EOS_NUT, or FD_NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be equal to the nuh_layer_id of associated VCL NAL unit. NOTE 1 - The value of nuh_layer_id of DCI, VPS, and EOB NAL units is not constrained. The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all pictures of a CVSS AU. nal_unit_type specifies the NAL unit type, i.e., the type of RBSP data structure contained in the NAL unit as specified in Table 3.

TABLE 3 NAL unit type codes and NAL unit type classes Name of Content of NAL unit and RBSP syntax NAL unit nal_unit_type nal_unit_type structure type class 0 TRAIL_NUT Coded slice of a trailing picture VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 1 STSA_NUT Coded slice of an STSA picture VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 2 RADL_NUT Coded slice of a RADL picture VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 3 RASL_NUT Coded slice of a RASL picture VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 4 . . . 6 RSV_VCL_4 . . . Reserved non-IRAP VCL NAL unit VCL RSV_VCL_6 types 7 IDR_W_RADL Coded slice of an IDR picture VCL 8 IDR_N_LP slice_layer_rbsp( ) 9 CRA_NUT Coded slice of a CRA picture VCL silce_layer_rbsp( ) 10 GDR_NUT Coded slice of a GDR picture VCL slice_layer_rbsp( ) 11 RSV_IRAP_11 Reserved IRAP VCL NAL unit types VCL 12 RSV_IRAP_12 13 DCI_NUT Decoding capability information non-VCL decoding_capability_information_rbsp( ) 14 VPS_NUT Video parameter set non-VCL video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 15 SPS_NUT Sequence parameter set non-VCL seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 16 PPS_NUT Picture parameter set non-VCL pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 17 PREFIX_APS_NUT Adaptation parameter set non-VCL 18 SUFFIX_APS_NUT adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 19 PH_NUT Picture header non-VCL picture_header_rbsp( ) 20 AUD_NUT AU delimiter non-VCL access_unit_delimiter_rbsp( ) 21 EOS_NUT End of sequence non-VCL end_of_seq_rbsp( ) 22 EOB_NUT End of bitstream non-VCL end_of_bitstream_rbsp( ) 23 PREFIX_SEI_NUT Supplemental enhancement information non-VCL 24 SUFFIX_SEI_NUT sei_rbsp( ) 25 FD_NUT Filler data non-VCL filler_data_rbsp( ) 26 RSV_NVCL_26 Reserved non-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL 27 RSV_NVCL_27 28 . . . 31 UNSPEC_28 . . . Unspecified non-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL UNSPEC_31

VVC inherits the parameter set concept of HEVC with a few modifications and additions. Parameter sets can be either part of the video bitstream or can be received by a decoder through other means (including out-of-band transmission using a reliable channel, hard coding in encoder and decoder, and so on). A parameter set contains an identification, which is referenced, directly or indirectly, from the slice header, as discussed in more detail later. The referencing process is known as “activation.” Depending on the parameter set type, the activation occurs per picture or per sequence. The concept of activation through referencing was introduced, among other reasons, because implicit activation by virtue of the position of the information in the bitstream (as common for other syntax elements of a video codec) is not available in case of out-of-band transmission.

The video parameter set (VPS) was introduced to convey information that is applicable to multiple layers as well as sub-layers. The VPS was introduced to address these shortcomings as well as to enable a clean and extensible high-level design of multilayer codecs. Each layer of a given video sequence, regardless of whether they have the same or different sequence parameter sets (SPS), refers to the same VPS. The syntax and the associated semantic of the video parameter set in the current VVC draft specification are illustrated in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. How to read Table 4 is illustrated in the appendix section of this invention, which could also be found in the VVC specification.

TABLE 4 Video parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  vps_video_parameter_set_id u(4)  vps_max_layers_minus1 u(6)  vps_max_sublayers_minus1 u(3)  if( vps_max_layers_minus1 > 0 &&  vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )   vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag u(1)  if( vps_max_layers_minus1 > 0 )   vps_all_independent_layers_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {   vps_layer_id[ i ] u(6)   if( i > 0 && !vps_all_independent_layers_flag ) {    vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( !vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] ) {     for( j = 0; j < i; j++ )      vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)     max_tid_ref_present_flag[ i ] u(1)     if( max_tid_ref_present_flag[ i ] )      max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] u(3)    }   }  }  if( vps_max_layers_minus1 > 0 ) {   if( vps_all_independent_layers_flag )    each_layer_is_an_ols_flag u(1)   if( !each_layer_is_an_ols_flag ) {    if( !vps_all_independent_layers_flag )     ols_mode_idc u(2)    if( ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) {     num_output_layer_sets_minus1 u(8)     for( i = 1; i <=     num_output_layer_sets_minus1; i ++)      for( j = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ )       ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)    }   }  }  vps_num_ptls_minus1 u(8)  for( i = 0; i <= vps_num_ptls_minus1; i++ ) {   if( i > 0 )    pt_present_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 && !vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag )    ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] u(3)  }  while( !byte_aligned( ) )   vps_ptl_alignment_zero_bit /* equal to 0 */ f(1)  for( i = 0; i <= vps_num_ptls_minus1; i++ )   profile_tier_level( pt_present_flag[ i ],   ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] )  for( i = 0; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )   if( vps_num_ptls_minus1 > 0 )    ols_ptl_idx[ i ] u(8)  if( !vps_all_independent_layers_flag )   vps_num_dpb_params ue(v)  if( vps_num_dpb_params > 0 &&  vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )   vps_sublayer_dpb_params_present_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < vps_num_dpb_params; i++ ) {   if( vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 && !vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag )    dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ] u(3)   dpb_parameters( dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ], vps_sublayer_dpb_params_present_flag )  }  for( i = 0; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ ) {   if( NumLayersInOls[ i ] > 1 ) {    ols_dpb_pic_width[ i ] ue(v)    ols_dpb_pic_height[ i ] ue(v)    if( vps_num_dpb_params > 1 )     ols_dpb_params_idx[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  if( !each_layer_is_an_ols_flag )   vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)  if( vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   general_hrd_parameters( )   if( vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )    vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag u(1)   num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_ols_hrd_params_minus1; i++ ) {    if( vps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 && !vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag )     hrd_max_tid[ i ] u(3)    firstSubLayer = vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag ? 0 : hrd_max_tid[ i ]    ols_hrd_parameters( firstSubLayer,    hrd_max_tid[ i ] )   }   if( num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 + 1 !=     TotalNumOlss &&     num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 > 0 )    for( i = 1; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )     if( NumLayersInOls[ i ] > 1 )      ols_hrd_idx[ i ] ue(v)  }  vps_extension_flag u(1)  if( vps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    vps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

TABLE 5 Video parameter set RBSP semantics A VPS RBSP shall be available to the decoding process prior to it being referenced, included in at least one AU with TemporalId equal to 0 or provided through external means. All VPS NAL units with a particular value of vps_video_parameter_set_id in a CVS shall have the same content. vps_video_parameter_set_id provides an identifier for the VPS for reference by other syntax elements. The value of vps_video_parameter_set_id shall be greater than 0. vps_max_layers_minus1 plus 1 specifies the maximum allowed number of layers in each CVS referring to the VPS. vps_max_sublayers_minus1 plus 1 specifies the maximum number of temporal sublayers that may be present in a layer in each CVS referring to the VPS. The value of vps_max_sublayers_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 6, inclusive. vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag equal to 1 specifies that the number of temporal sublayers is the same for all the layers in each CVS referring to the VPS. vps_all_layers_same_num sublayers_flag equal to 0 specifies that the layers in each CVS referring to the VPS may or may not have the same number of temporal sublayers. When not present, the value of vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. vps_all_independent_layers_flag equal to 1 specifies that all layers in the CVS are independently coded without using inter-layer prediction, vps_all_independent_layers_flag equal to 0 specifies that one or more of the layers in the CVS may use inter-layer prediction. When not present, the value of vps_all_independent_layers_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. vps_layer_id[ i ] specifies the nuh_layer_id value of the i-th layer. For any two non- negative integer values of m and n, when m is less than n, the value of vps_layer_id[ m ] shall be less than vps_layer_id[ n ]. vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with index i does not use inter-layer prediction. vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with index i may use inter-layer prediction and the syntax elements vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] for j in the range of 0 to i − 1, inclusive, are present in VPS. When not present, the value of vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 1. vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with index j is not a direct reference layer for the layer with index i. vps_direct_ref_layer_flag [ i ][ j ] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with index j is a direct reference layer for the layer with index i. When vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] is not present for i and j in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, it is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_independent_layer_flag[ i ] is equal to 0, there shall be at least one value of j in the range of 0 to i − 1, inclusive, such that the value of vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] is equal to 1. The variables NumDirectRefLayers[ i ], DirectRefLayerIdx[ i ][ d ], NumRefLayers[ i ], RefLayerIdx[ i ][ r ], and LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[ j ] are derived as follows:   for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {    for( j = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ ) {     dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] = vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ]     for( k = 0; k < i; k++ )      if( vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ k ] && dependencyFlag[ k ][ j ] )       dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] = 1    }    LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[ i ] = 0   }   for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {    for( j = 0, d = 0, r = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ ) { (37)     if( vps_direct_ref_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] ) {      DirectRefLayerIdx[ i ][ d++ ] = j      LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[ j ] = 1     }     if( dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] )      RefLayerIdx[ i ][ r++ ] = j    }    NumDirectRefLayers[ i ] = d    NumRefLayers[ i ] = r   } The variable GeneralLayerIdx[ i ], specifying the layer index of the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[ i ], is derived as follows:   for( i = 0; i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) (38)    GeneralLayerIdx[ vps_layer_id[ i ] ] = i For any two different values of i and j, both in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, when dependencyFlag[ i ][ j ] equal to 1, it is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the values of chroma_format_idc and bit_depth_minus8 that apply to the i-th layer shall be equal to the values of chroma_format_idc and bit_depth_minus8, respectively, that apply to the j-th layer. max_tid_ref_present_flag[ i ] equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] is present. max_tid_ref_present_flag[ i ] equal to 0 specifies that the syntax element max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] is not present. max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] equal to 0 specifies that inter-layer prediction is not used by non-IRAP pictures of the i-th layer. max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] greater than 0 specifies that, for decoding pictures of the i-th layer, no picture with TemporalId greater than max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] − 1 is used as ILRP. When not present, the value of max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 7. each_layer_is_an_ols_flag equal to 1 specifies that each OLS contains only one layer and each layer itself in a CVS referring to the VPS is an OLS with the single included layer being the only output layer. each_layer_is_an_ols_flag equal to 0 that an OLS may contain more than one layer. If vps_max_layers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of each_layer_is_an_ols_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. Otherwise, when vps_all_independent_layers_flag is equal to 0, the value of each_layer_is_an_ols_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. ols_mode_idc equal to 0 specifies that the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS is equal to vps_max_layers_minus1 + 1, the i-th OLS includes the layers with layer indices from 0 to i, inclusive, and for each OLS only the highest layer in the OLS is output. ols_mode_idc equal to 1 specifies that the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS is equal to vps_max_layers_minus1 + 1, the i-th OLS includes the layers with layer indices from 0 to i, inclusive, and for each OLS all layers in the OLS are output. ols_mode_idc equal to 2 specifies that the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS is explicitly signalled and for each OLS the output layers are explicitly signalled and other layers are the layers that are direct or indirect reference layers of the output layers of the OLS. The value of ols_mode_idc shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 of ols_mode_idc is reserved for future use by ITU-T | ISO/IEC. When vps_all_independent_layers_flag is equal to 1 and each_layer_is_an ols_flag is equal to 0, the value of ols_mode_idc is inferred to be equal to 2. num_output_layer_sets_minus1 plus 1 specifies the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS when ols_mode_idc is equal to 2. The variable TotalNumOlss, specifying the total number of OLSs specified by the VPS, is derived as follows:   if( vps_max_layers_minus1 = = 0 )    TotalNumOlss = 1   else if( each_layer_is_an_ols_flag || ols_mode_idc = = 0 ||   ols_mode_idc = = 1 )    TotalNumOlss = vps_max_layers_minus1 + 1 (39)   else if( ols_mode_idc = = 2 )    TotalNumOlss = num_output_layer_sets_minus1 + 1 ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] equal to 1 specifies that the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[ j ] is an output layer of the i-th OLS when ols_mode_idc is equal to 2. ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ j ] equal to 0 specifies that the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[ j ] is not an output layer of the i-th OLS when ols_mode_idc is equal to 2. The variable NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ], specifying the number of output layers in the i-th OLS, the variable NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ], specifying the number of sublayers in the j-th layer in the i-th OLS, the variable OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ], specifying the nuh_layer_id value of the j-th output layer in the i-th OLS, and the variable LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ k ], specifying whether the k-th layer is used as an output layer in at least one OLS, are derived as follows:   NumOutputLayersInOls[ 0 ] = 1   OutputLayerIdInOls[ 0 ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ 0 ]   NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ 0 ][ 0 ] = vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1   LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ 0 ] = 1   for( i = 1, i <= vps_max_layers_minus1; i++ ) {    if( each_layer_is_an_ols_flag || ols_mode_idc < 2 )     LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ i ] = 1    else /*( !each_layer_is_an_ols_flag && ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) */     LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ i ] = 0   }    for( i = 1; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )    if( each_layer_is_an_ols_flag || ols_mode_idc = = 0 ) {     NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] = 1     OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ i ]     for( j = 0; j <i && ( ols_mode_idc = = 0 ); j++ )      NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ] = max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ i ]     NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ i ] = vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1    } else if( ols_mode_idc = = 1 ) {     NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] = i + 1     for( j = 0; j < NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ ) {      OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] = vps_layer_id[ j ]      NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ] =   vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1     }     } else if( ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) {     for( j = 0; j <= vps_max_layers_minus1; j++ ) {      layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ j ] = 0      NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ] = 0     }     for( k = 0, j = 0; k <= vps_max_layers_minus1; k++ ) (40)      if( ols_output_layer_flag[ i ][ k ] ) {       layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ k ] = 1       LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ k ] = 1       OutputLayerIdx[ i ][ j ] = k       OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j++ ] = vps_layer_id[ k ]       NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ j ] =   vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 + 1      }     NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] = j     for( j = 0; j < NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ ) {      idx = OutputLayerIdx[ i ][ j ]      for( k = 0; k < NumRefLayers[ idx ]; k++ ) {       layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ RefLayerIdx[ idx ][ k ] ] = 1       if( NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ RefLayerIdx[ Idx ][ k ] ] <         max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] ] )        NumSubLayersInLayerInOLS[ i ][ RefLayerIdx[ idx ][ k ] ] =         max_tid_il_ref_pics_plus1[ OutputLayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] ]      }     }    } For each value of i in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, the values of LayerUsedAsRefLayerFlag[ i ] and LayerUsedAsOutputLayerFlag[ i ] shall not be both equal to 0. In other words, there shall be no layer that is neither an output layer of at least one OLS nor a direct reference layer of any other layer. For each OLS, there shall be at least one layer that is an output layer. In other words, for any value of i in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss − 1, inclusive, the value of NumOutputLayersInOls[ i ] shall be greater than or equal to 1. The variable NumLayersInOls[ i ], specifying the number of layers in the i-th OLS, and the variable LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ], specifying the nuh_layer_id value of the j-th layer in the i-th OLS, are derived as follows:   NumLayersInOls[ 0 ] = 1   LayerIdInOls[ 0 ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ 0 ]   for( i = 1; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ ) {    if( each_layer_is_an_ols_flag ) {     NumLayersInOls[ i ] = 1     LayerIdInOls[ i ][ 0 ] = vps_layer_id[ i ] (41)    } else if( ols_mode_idc = = 0 || ols_mode_idc = = 1 ) {     NumLayersInOls[ i ] = i + 1     for( j = 0; j < NumLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ )      LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] = vps_layer_id[ j ]    } else if( ols_mode_idc = = 2 ) {     for( k = 0, j = 0; k <= vps_max_layers_minus1; k++ )      if( layerIncludedInOlsFlag[ i ][ k ] )       LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j++ ] = vps_layer_id[ k ]     NumLayersInOls[ i ] = j    }   }  NOTE 1 - The 0-th OLS contains only the lowest layer (i.e., the layer with  nuh_layer_id equal to vps_layer_id[ 0 ]) and for the 0-th OLS the only included layer is  output. The variable OlsLayerIdx[ i ][ j ], specifying the OLS layer index of the layer with nuh_layer_id equal to LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ], is derived as follows:   for( i = 0; i < TotalNumOlss; i++ )    for j = 0; j < NumLayersInOls[ i ]; j++ ) (42)     OlsLayerIdx[ i ][ LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] ] = j The lowest layer in each OLS shall be an independent layer. In other words, for each i in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss − 1, inclusive, the value of vps_independent_layer_flag[ GeneralLayerIdx[ LayerIdInOls[ i ][ 0 ] ] ] shall be equal to 1. Each layer shall be included in at least one OLS specified by the VPS. In other words, for each layer with a particular value of nuh_layer_id nuhLayerId equal to one of vps_layer_id[ k ] for k in the range of 0 to vps_max_layers_minus1, inclusive, there shall be at least one pair of values of i and j, where i is in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss − 1, inclusive, and j is in the range of NumLayersInOls[ i ] − 1, inclusive, such that the value of LayerIdInOls[ i ][ j ] is equal to nuhLayerId. vps_num_ptls_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures in the VPS. The value of vps_num_ptls_minus1 shall be less than TotalNumOlss. pt_present_flag[ i ] equal to 1 specifies that profile, tier, and general constraints information are present in the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. pt_present_flag[ i ] equal to 0 specifies that profile, tier, and general constraints information are not present in the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. The value of pt_present_flag[ 0 ] is inferred to be equal to 1. When pt_present_flag[ i ] is equal to 0, the profile, tier, and general constraints information for the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS are inferred to be the same as that for the ( i − 1 )-th profile tier level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] specifies the TemporalId of the highest sublayer representation for which the level information is present in the i-th profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in the VPS. The value of ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive. When vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is greater than 0 and vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag is equal to 1, the value of ptl_max_temporal_id[ i ] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1. vps_ptl_alignment_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. ols_ptl_idx[ i ] specifies the index, to the list of profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures in the VPS, of the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS. When present, the value of ols_ptl_idx[ i ] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_num_ptls_minus1, inclusive. When vps_num_ptls_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of ols_ptl_idx[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 0. When NumLayersInOls[ i ] is equal to 1, the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS is also present in the SPS referred to by the layer in the i-th OLS. It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that, when NumLayersInOls[ i ] is equal to 1, the profile_tier_level( ) syntax structures signalled in the VPS and in the SPS for the i-th OLS shall be identical. vps_num_dpb_params specifies the number of dpb_parameters( ) syntax strutcures in the VPS. The value of vps_num_dpb_params shall be in the range of 0 to 16, inclusive. When not present, the value of vps_num_dpb_params is inferred to be equal to 0. vps_sublayer_dpb_params_present_flag is used to control the presence of max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[ ], max_num_reorder_pics[ ], and max_latency_increase_plus1[ ] syntax elements in the dpb_parameters( ) syntax strucures in the VPS. When not present, vps_sub_dpb_params_info_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ] specifies the TemporalId of the highest sublayer representation for which the DPB parameters may be present in the i-th dpb_parameters( ) syntax strutcure in the VPS. The value of dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_max_sublayers_minus1, inclusive. When vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is greater than 0 and vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag is equal to 1, the value of dpb_max_temporal_id[ i ] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1. ols_dpb_pic_width[ i ] specifies the width, in units of luma samples, of each picture storage buffer for the i-th OLS. ols_dpb_pic_height[ i ] specifies the height, in units of luma samples, of each picture storage buffer for the i-th OLS. ols_dpb_params_idx[ i ] specifies the index, to the list of dpb_parameters( ) syntax structures in the VPS, of the dpb_parameters( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS when NumLayersInOls[ i ] is greater than 1. When present, the value of ols_dpb_params_idx[ i ] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_num_dpb_params − 1, inclusive. When ols_dpb_params_idx[ i ] is not present, the value of ols_dpb_params_idx[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 0. When NumLayersInOls[ i ] is equal to 1, the dpb_parameters( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS is present in the SPS referred to by the layer in the i-th OLS. vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax structure general_hrd_parameters( ) and other HRD parameters are present in the VPS RBSP syntax structure. vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that the syntax structure general_hrd_parameters( ) and other HRD parameters are not present in the VPS RBSP syntax structure. When not present, the value of vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When NumLayersInOls[ i ] is equal to 1, the general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS is present in the SPS referred to by the layer in the i-th OLS. vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that the i-th ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS contains HRD parameters for the sublayer representations with TemporalId in the range of 0 to hrd_max_tid[ i ], inclusive. vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that the i-th ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure in the VPS contains HRD parameters for the sublayer representation with TemporalId equal to hrd_max_tid[ i ] only. When vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag is equal to 0, the HRD parameters for the sublayer representations with TemporalId in the range of 0 to hrd_max_tid[ i ] − 1, inclusive, are inferred to be the same as that for the sublayer representation with TemporalId equal to hrd_max_tid[ i ]. These include the HRD parameters starting from the fixed_pic_rate_general_flag[ i ] syntax element till the sublayer_hrd_parameters( i) syntax structure immediately under the condition “if( general_vcl_hrd_params_present flag )” in the ols_hrd_parameters syntax structure. num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structures present in the general_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure when vps_general_hrd_params_present_flag is equal to 1. The value of num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to TotalNumOlss − 1, inclusive. hrd_max_tid[ i ] specifies the TemporalId of the highest sublayer representation for which the HRD parameters are contained in the i-th ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure. The value of hrd_max_tid[ i ] shall be in the range of 0 to vps_max_sub_layers_minus1, inclusive. When vps_max_sublayers_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of hrd_max_tid[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 0. When vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 is greater than 0 and vps_all_layers_same_num_sublayers_flag is equal to 1, the value of hrd_max_tid[ i ] is inferred to be equal to vps_max_sublayers_minus1. ols_hrd_idx[ i ] specifies the index, to the list of ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structures in the VPS, of the ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS when NumLayersInOls[ i ] is greater than 1. The value of ols_hrd_idx[[ i ] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ols_hrd_params_minus1, inclusive. When NumLayersInOls[ i ] is equal to 1, the ols_hrd_parameters( ) syntax structure that applies to the i-th OLS is present in the SPS referred to by the layer in the i-th OLS. If the value of num_ols_hrd_param_minus1 + 1 is equal to TotalNumOlss, the value of ols_hrd_idx[ i ] is inferred to be equal to i. Otherwise, when NumLayersInOls[ i ] is greater than 1 and num_ols_hrd_params_minus1 is equal to 0, the value of ols_hrd_idx[[ i ] is inferred to be equal to 0. vps_extension_flag equal to 0 specifies that no vps_extension_data_flag syntax elements are present in the VPS RBSP syntax structure. vps_extension_flag equal to 1 specifies that there are vps_extension_data_flag syntax elements present in the VPS RBSP syntax structure. vps_extension_data_flag may have any value. Its presence and value do not affect decoder conformance to profiles specified in this version of this Specification. Decoders conforming to this version of this Specification shall ignore all vps_extension_data_flag syntax elements.

In VVC, SPSs contain information which applies to all slices of a coded video sequence. A coded video sequence starts from an instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture, or a BLA picture, or a CRA picture that is the first picture in the bitstream and includes all subsequent pictures that are not an IDR or BLA picture. A bitstream consists of one or more coded video sequences. The content of the SPS can be roughly subdivided into six categories: 1) a self-reference (its own ID); 2) decoder operation point related information (profile, level, picture size, number sub-layers, and so on); 3) enabling flags for certain tools within a profile, and associated coding tool parameters in case the tool is enabled; 4) information restricting the flexibility of structures and transform coefficient coding; 5) temporal scalability control; and 6) visual usability information (VUI), which includes HRD information. The syntax and the associated semantic of the sequence parameter set in the current VVC draft specification are illustrated in Table 6 and Table 7, respectively. How to read Table 6 is illustrated in the appendix section of this invention, which could also be found in the VVC specification.

TABLE 6 Sequence parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  sps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_video_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_max_sublayers_minus1 u(3)  sps_reserved_zero_4bits u(4)  sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   profile_tier_level( 1, sps max_sublayers_minus1 )  gdr_enabled_flag u(1)  chroma_format_idc u(2)  if( chroma_format_idc = = 3 )   separate_colour_plane_flag u(1)  res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag u(1)  pic_width_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pic_height_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  sps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( sps_conformance_window_flag ) {   sps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  sps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)  subpic_info_present_flag u(1)  if( subpic_info_present_flag ) {   sps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   sps_independent_subpics_flag u(1)   for( i = 0; sps_num_subpics_minus1 > 0 && i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ ) {    if( i > 0 && pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_ctu_top_left_x[ i ] u(v)    if( i > 0 && pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY ) {     subpic_ctu_top_left_y[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_width_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_height_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( !sps_independent_subpics_flag) {     subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ i ] u(1)     loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_flag[ i ] u(1)    }   }   sps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag u(1)   if( subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag ) {    subpic_id_mapping_in_sps_flag u(1)    if( subpic_id_mapping_in_sps_flag )     for( i = 0; i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ )      sps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)   }  }  bit_depth_minus8 ue(v)  sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag )   sps_wpp_entry_point_offsets_present_flag u(1)  sps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  sps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 u(4)  sps_poc_msb_flag u(1)  if( sps_poc_msb_flag )   poc_msb_len_minus1 ue(v)  num_extra_ph_bits_bytes u(2)   extra_ph_bits_struct( num_extra_ph_bits_bytes )  num_extra_sh_bits_bytes u(2)   extra_sh_bits_struct( num_extra_sh_bits_bytes )  if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )   sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   dpb_parameters( sps_max_sublayers_minus1, sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag )  long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  sps_idr_rpl_present_flag u(1)  rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < !rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 1 : 2; i++ ) {   num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] ue(v)   for( j = 0; j < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]; j++)    ref_pic_list_struct( i, j )  }  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag u(1)  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  if( qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {   sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   }  }  sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag u(1)   same_qp_table_for_chroma u(1)   numQpTables = same_qp_table_for_chroma ? 1 : ( sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag ? 3 : 2 )   for( i = 0; i < numQpTables; i++ ) {    qp_table_start_minus26[ i ] se(v)    num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    for( j = 0; j <= num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ]; j++ ) {     delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)     delta_qp_diff_val[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }  }  sps_sao_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_alf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_alf_enabled_flag && ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_ccalf_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag ) {   log2_transform_skip_max_size_minus2 ue(v)   sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag )   sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_bdof_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_bdof_enabled_flag )   sps_bdof_pic_present_flag u(1)  sps_smvd_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dmvr_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_dmvr_enabled_flag)   sps_dmvr_pic_present_flag u(1)  sps_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_isp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mrl_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_cclm_enabled_flag u(1)  if( chroma_format_idc = = 1 ) {   sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag u(1)   sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag u(1)  }  sps_mts_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mts_enabled_flag ) {   sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag u(1)  }  six_minus_max_num_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_sbt_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_affine_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_affine_enabled_flag ) {   five_minus_max_num_subblock_merge_cand ue(v)   sps_affine_type_flag u(1)   if( sps_amvr_enabled_flag )    sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag )    sps_prof_pic_present_flag u(1)  }  sps_palette_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType = = 3 && !sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag )   sps_act_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag || sps_palette_enabled_flag )   min_qp_prime_ts_minus4 ue(v)  sps_bcw_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ibc_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ibc_enabled_flag )   six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_ciip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mmvd_enabled_flag )   sps_fpel_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  if( MaxNumMergeCand >= 2 ) {   sps_gpm_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_gpm_enabled_flag && MaxNumMergeCand >= 3 )    max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand ue(v)  }  sps_lmcs_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_lfnst_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ladf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ladf_enabled_flag ) {   sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 u(2)   sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset se(v)   for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 + 1; i++ ) {    sps_ladf_qp_offset[ i ] se(v)    sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  log2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 ue(v)  sps_scaling_list_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag u(1)  if( !sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag )   sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag ) {   sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag ) {    sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundaries_pos_x[ i ] u(13)    sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundaries_pos_y[ i ] u(13)   }  }  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag ) {    general_hrd_parameters( )    if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )     sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag u(1)    firstSubLayer = sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag ? 0 :      sps_max_sublayers_minus1    ols_hrd_parameters( firstSubLayer, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )   }  }  field_seq_flag u(1)  vui_parameters_present_flag u(1)  if( vui_parameters_present_flag )   vui_parameters( ) /* Specified in ITU-T H.SEI | ISO/IEC 23002-7 */  sps_extension_flag u(1)  if( sps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    sps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

VVC's picture parameter set (PPS) contains such information which could change from picture to picture. The PPS includes information roughly comparable what was part of the PPS in HEVC, including: 1) a self-reference; 2) initial picture control information such as initial quantization parameter (QP), a number of flags indicating the use of, or presence of, certain tools or control information in the slice header; and 3) tiling information. The syntax and the associated semantic of the sequence parameter set in current VVC draft specification is illustrated in Table 8 and Table 9, respectively. How to read the Table 8 is illustrated in the appendix section of this invention which could also be found in the VVC specification.

TABLE 8 Picture parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  pps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag u(1)  pic_width_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pic_height_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( pps_conformance_window_flag ) {   pps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  scaling_window_explicit_signalling_flag u(1)  if( scaling_window_explicit_signalling_flag ) {   scaling_win_left_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_right_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_top_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  output_flag_present_flag u(1)  subpic_id_mapping_in_pps_flag u(1)  if( subpic_id_mapping_in_pps_flag ) {   pps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   pps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= pps_num_subpic_minus1; i++ )    pps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)  }  no_pic_partition_flag u(1)  if( !no_pic_partition_flag ) {   pps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)   num_exp_tile_columns_minus1 ue(v)   num_exp_tile_rows_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_exp_tile_columns_minus1;i ++ )    tile_column_width_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_exp_tile_rows_minus1; i++ )    tile_row_height_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   if( NumTilesInPic > 1 )    rect_slice_flag u(1)   if( rect_slice_flag )    single_slice_per_subpic_flag u(1)   if( rect_slice_flag && !single slice_per_subpic_flag ) {    num_slices_in_pic_minus1 ue(v)    if( num_slices_in_pic_minus1 > 0 )     tile_idx_delta_present_flag u(1)    for( i = 0; i < num_slices_in_pic_minus1; i++ ) {     if( NumTileColumns > 1 )      slice_width_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     if( NumTileRows > 1 && ( tile_idx_delta_present_flag | |       SliceTopLeftTileIdx[ i ] % NumTileColumns = = 0 ) )      slice_height_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     if( slice_width_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] = = 0 &&       slice_height_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] = = 0 &&       RowHeight[ SliceTopLeftTileIdx[ i ] / NumTileColumns ] > 1 ) {      num_exp_slices_in_tile[ i ] ue(v)      for( j = 0; j < num_exp_slices_in_tile[ i ]; j++ )       exp_slice_height_in_ctus_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)      i += NumSlicesInTile[ i ] − 1     }     if( tile idx_delta_present_flag && i < num_slices_in_pic_minus1 )      tile_idx_delta[ i ] se(v)    }   }   loop_filter_across_tiles_enabled_flag u(1)   loop_filter_across_slices_enabled_flag u(1)  }  cabac_init_present_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ )   num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  rpl1_idx_present_flag u(1)  init_qp_minus26 se(v)  cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag u(1)  pps_chroma_tool_offsets_present_flag u(1)  if( pps_chroma_tool_offsets_present_flag ) {   pps_cb_qp_offset se(v)   pps_cr_qp_offset se(v)   pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag u(1)   if( pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag )    pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_value se(v)   pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag u(1)   pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag u(1)  }  if( pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag ) {   chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1; i++ ) {    cb_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)    cr_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)    if( pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag )     joint_cbcr_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)   }  }  pps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  pps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  deblocking_filter_control_present_flag u(1)  if( deblocking_filter_control_present_flag ) {   deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag u(1)   pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag u(1)   if( !pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag ) {    pps_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cb_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cb_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cr_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cr_tc_offset_div2 se(v)   }  }  rpl_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  if( deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag )   dbf_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  sao_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  alf_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  if( ( pps_weighted_pred_flag | | pps_weighted_bipred_flag ) && rpl_info_in_ph_flag )   wp_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  qp_delta_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  if( pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag )   pps_ref_wraparound_offset ue(v)  picture_header_extension_present_flag u(1)  slice_header_extension_present_flag u(1)  pps_extension_flag u(1)  if( pps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    pps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

The slice header contains information that can change from slice to slice, as well as such picture-related information that is relatively small or relevant only for a certain slice or picture types. The size of the slice header may be noticeably bigger than the PPS, particular when there are tile or wavefront entry point offsets in the slice header and RPS, prediction weights, or reference picture list modifications are explicitly signaled. The syntax and the associated semantic of the sequence parameter set in the current VVC draft specification are illustrated in Table 10 and Table 11, respectively. How to read Table 10 is illustrated in the appendix section of this invention, which could also be found in the VVC specification.

TABLE 10 Picture header structure syntax Descriptor picture_header_structure( ) {  gdr_or_irap_pic_flag u(1)  if( gdr_or_irap_pic_flag )   gdr_pic_flag u(1)  ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag u(1)  if( ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag )   ph_intra_slice_allowed_flag u(1)  non_reference_picture_flag u(1)  ph_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  ph_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)  if( gdr_or_irap_pic_flag )   no_output_of_prior_pics_flag u(1)  if( gdr_pic_flag )   recovery_poc_cnt ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < Num_ExtraPhBits; i++ )   ph_extra_bit[ i ] u(1)  if( sps_poc_msb_flag ) {   ph_poc_msb_present_flag u(1)   if( ph_poc_msb_present_flag )    poc_msb_val u(v)  }  if( sps_alf_enabled_flag && alf_info_in_ph_flag ) {   ph_alf_enabled_flag u(1)   if( ph_alf_enabled_flag ) {    ph_num_alf_aps_ids_luma u(3)    for( i = 0; i < ph_num_alf_aps_ids_luma; i++ )     ph_alf_aps_id_luma[ i ] u(3)    if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )     ph_alf_chroma_idc u(2)    if( ph_alf_chroma_idc > 0 )     ph_alf_aps_id_chroma u(3)    if( sps_ccalf_enabled_flag ) {     ph_cc_alf_cb_enabled_flag u(1)     if( ph_cc_alf_cb_enabled_flag )      ph_cc_alf_cb_aps_id u(3)     ph_cc_alf_cr_enabled_flag u(1)     if( ph_cc_alf_cr_enabled_flag )      ph_cc_alf_cr_aps_id u(3)    }   }  }  if( sps_lmcs_enabled_flag ) {   ph_lmcs_enabled_flag u(1)   if( ph_lmcs_enabled_flag ) {    ph_lmcs_aps_id u(2)    if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )     ph_chroma_residual_scale_flag u(1)   }  }  if( sps_scaling_list_enabled_flag ) {   ph_scaling_list_present_flag u(1)   if( ph_scaling_list_present_flag )    ph_scaling_list_aps_id u(3)  }  if( sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag && !sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag ) {   ph_virtual_boundaries_present_flag u(1)   if( ph_virtual_boundaries_present_flag ) {    ph_num_ver_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < ph_num_ver_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     ph_virtual_boundaries_pos_x[ i ] u(13)    ph_num_hor_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < ph_num_hor_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     ph_virtual_boundaries_pos_y[ i ] u(13)   }  }  if( output_flag_present_flag )   pic_output_flag u(1)  if( rpl_info_in_ph_flag )   ref_pic_lists( )  if( partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag )   partition_constraints_override_flag u(1)  if( ph_intra_slice_allowed_flag ) {   if( partition_constraints_override_flag ) {    ph_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)    ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)    if( ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {     ph_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)     ph_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)    }    if( qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {     ph_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)     ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)     if( ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {      ph_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)      ph_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)     }    }   }   if( cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag )    ph_cu_qp_delta_subdiv_intra_slice ue(v)   if( pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag )    ph_cu_chroma_qp_offset_subdiv_intra_slice ue(v)  }  if( ph_inter_slice_allowed_flag ) {   if( partition_constraints_override_flag ) {    ph_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)    ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)    if( ph_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {     ph_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)     ph_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)    }   }   if( cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag )    ph_cu_qp_delta_subdiv_inter_slice ue(v)   if( pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag )    ph_cu_chroma_qp_offset_subdiv_inter_slice ue(v)   if( sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag ) {    ph_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag u(1)    if( ph_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag && rpl_info_in_ph_flag ) {     ph_collocated_from_l0_flag u(1)     if( (ph_collocated_from_l0_flag &&       num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ) | |       ( !ph_collocated_from_l0_flag &&       num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1 ) )      ph_collocated_ref_idx ue(v)    }   }   mvd_l1_zero_flag u(1)   if( sps_fpel_mmvd_enabled_flag )    ph_fpel_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_bdof_pic_present_flag )    ph_disable_bdof_flag u(1)   if( sps_dmvr_pic_present_flag )    ph_disable_dmvr_flag u(1)   if( sps_prof_pic_present_flag )    ph_disable_prof_flag u(1)   if( ( pps_weighted_pred_flag | | pps_weighted_bipred_flag ) && wp_info_in_ph_flag )    pred_weight_table( )  }  if( qp_delta_info_in_ph_flag )   ph_qp_delta se(v)  if( sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag )   ph_joint_cbcr_sign_flag u(1)  if( sps_sao_enabled_flag && sao_info_in_ph_flag ) {   ph_sao_luma_enabled_flag u(1)   if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )    ph_sao_chroma_enabled_flag u(1)  }  if( sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag )   ph_dep_quant_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag && !ph_dep_quant_enabled_flag )   pic_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag u(1)  if( deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag && dbf_info_in_ph_flag ) {   ph_deblocking_filter_override_flag u(1)   if( ph_deblocking_filter_override_flag ) {    ph_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag u(1)    if( !ph_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag ) {     ph_beta_offset_div2 se(v)     ph_tc_offset_div2 se(v)     ph_cb_beta_offset_div2 se(v)     ph_cb_tc_offset_div2 se(v)     ph_cr_beta_offset_div2 se(v)     ph_cr_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    }   }  }  if( picture_header_extension_present_flag ) {   ph_extension_length ue(v)   for( i = 0; i < ph_extension_length; i++)    ph_extension_data_byte[ i ] u(8)  } }

In current VVC, when there are similar syntax elements for intra and inter prediction, respectively, in some places, the syntax elements related to inter prediction are defined prior to those related to intra prediction. Such an order may not be preferable, given the fact that intra prediction is allowed in all picture/slice types while inter prediction is not. It would be beneficial from a standardization point of view to always define intra prediction related syntaxes prior to those for inter prediction.

It is also observed that in the current VVC, some syntax elements that are highly correlated to each other are defined at different places in a spread manner. It would also be beneficial from a standardization point of view to group some syntaxes together.

In this disclosure, to address the issues as pointed out in the “problem statement” section, methods are provided to simplify and/or further improve the existing design of the high-level syntax. It is noted that the invented methods could be applied independently or jointly.

In this disclosure, it is designed to rearrange the syntax elements so that the intra prediction related syntax elements are defined before those related to inter prediction. According to the disclosure, the partition constraint syntax elements are grouped by prediction type, with intra prediction related first, followed by inter prediction related. In one embodiment, the order of the partition constraint syntax elements in SPS is consistent with the order of the partition constraint syntax elements in the picture header. An example of the decoding process on VVC Draft is illustrated in Table 12 below. The changes to the VVC Draft are shown using italicized font.

TABLE 12 Designed sequence parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  ...  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag u(1)  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  if( qtbtt _(—) dual _(—) tree _(—) intra _(—) flag ) {   sps _(—) log2 _(—) diff _(—) min _(—) qt _(—) min _(—) cb _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)   sps _(—) max _(—) mtt _(—) hierarchy _(—) depth _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)   if( sps _(—) max _(—) mtt _(—) hierarchy _(—) depth _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma != 0 ) {    sps _(—) log2 _(—) diff _(—) max _(—) bt _(—) min _(—) qt _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)    sps _(—) log2 _(—) diff _(—) max _(—) tt _(—) min _(—) qt _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)   }  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  ... }

FIG. 5 is a flowchart 500 illustrating an example method for decoding a video signal in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. The method may be, for example, applied to a decoder.

In step 510, the decoder may receive arranged partition constraint syntax elements in SPS level. The arranged partition constraint syntax elements are arranged so that intra prediction related syntax elements are defined before inter prediction related syntax elements.

In step 512, the decoder may obtain a first reference picture) I⁽⁰⁾ and a second reference picture I⁽¹⁾ associated with a video block in a bitstream. The first reference picture) I⁽⁰⁾ is before a current picture and the second reference picture I⁽¹⁾ is after the current picture in display order.

In step 514, the decoder may obtain first prediction samples) I⁽⁰⁾(i, j) of the video block from a reference block in the first reference picture) I⁽⁰⁾. The i and j represent a coordinate of one sample with the current picture.

In step 516, the decoder may obtain second prediction samples I⁽¹⁾(i, j) of the video block from a reference block in the second reference picture I⁽¹⁾.

In step 518, the decoder may obtain bi-prediction samples based on the arranged partition constraint syntax elements, the first prediction samples I⁽⁰⁾(i, j), and the second prediction samples I⁽¹⁾(i, j).

FIG. 6 is a flowchart 600 illustrating an example method for decoding a video signal in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. The method may be, for example, applied to a decoder. In step 610, the decoder may receive a bitstream that includes VPS, SPS, PPS, picture header, and slice header for coded video data. In step 612, the decoder may decode the VPS. In step 614, the decoder may decode the SPS and obtain an arranged partition constraint syntax elements in SPS level. In step 616, the decoder may decode the PPS. In step 618, the decoder may decode the picture header. In step 620, the decoder may decode the slice header. In step 622, the decoder may decode the video data based on VPS, SPS, PPS, picture header and slice header.

In this disclosure, it is designed to group the syntax elements related to dual-tree chroma type. In one embodiment, the partition constraint syntax elements for dual-tree chroma in SPS should be signaled together under dual-tree chroma cases. An example of the decoding process on VVC Draft is illustrated in Table 13 below. The changes to the VVC Draft are shown using italicized font.

TABLE 13 Designed sequence parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  ...  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   qtbtt _(—) dual _(—) tree _(—) intra _(—) flag u(1)  if( qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {    sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   }  }   

 ... }

If also considering defining intra prediction related syntaxes prior to those related to inter prediction, according to the method of the disclosure, another example of the decoding process on VVC Draft is illustrated in table 14 below. The changes to the VVC Draft are shown using italicized font.

TABLE 14 Designed sequence parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  ...  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   qtbtt _(—) dual _(—) tree _(—) intra _(—) flag u(1)   if( qtbtt _(—) dual _(—) tree _(—) intra _(—) flag ) {    sps _(—) log2 _(—) diff _(—) min _(—) qt _(—) min _(—) cb _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)    sps _(—) max _(—) mtt _(—) hierarchy _(—) depth _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)    if( sps _(—) max _(—) mtt _(—) hierarchy _(—) depth _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma != 0 )    {     sps _(—) log2 _(—) diff _(—) max _(—) bt _(—) min _(—) qt _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)     sps _(—) log2 _(—) diff _(—) max _(—) tt _(—) min _(—) qt _(—) intra _(—) slice _(—) chroma ue(v)    

  

 

 sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  ... }

As mentioned in the earlier description, according to the current VVC, intra prediction is allowed in all picture/slice types while inter prediction is not. According to this disclosure, it is designed to add a flag in VVC syntax at a certain coding level to indicate if inter prediction is used or not in a sequence, picture and/or slice. In case inter prediction is not used, inter prediction related syntaxes are not signaled at the corresponding coding level, e.g., sequence, picture and/or slice level.

In one example, according to the method of the disclosure, a flag is added in SPS to indicate if inter prediction is used in coding the current video sequence. In case it is not used, inter prediction related syntax elements are not signaled in SPS. An example of the decoding process on VVC Draft is illustrated in Table 15 below. The changes to the VVC Draft are shown using italicized font.

TABLE 15 Designed sequence parameter set RBSP syntax Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  ...   sps_inter_slice_used_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag u(1)  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  if( sps_inter_slice_used_flag != 0 ) {  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  

 if( qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {   sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   }  }  ... }

Sequence Parameter Set RBSP Semantics

sps_inter_slice_used_flag equal to 0 specifies that all coded slices of the video sequence have slice type equal to 2. sps_inter_slice_used_flag equal to 1 specifies that there may or may not be one or more coded slices in the video sequence that have slice type equal to 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, the syntax elements are arranged so that the similar functions, e.g. intra tools, inter tools, screen content tools, transform tools, quantization tools, loop filter tools and/or partition tools, related syntax elements are grouped in VVC syntax at certain coding level, e.g. sequence, picture and/or slice level. According to some embodiments, the syntax elements in the sequence parameter set (SPS) are arranged so that the similar function related syntax elements are grouped. An example of the decoding process for VVC is illustrated in table 16 below. The table 16 shows syntax at SPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions.

TABLE 16 Syntax at SPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions. Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  sps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_video_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_max_sublayers_minus1 u(3)  sps_reserved_zero_4bits u(4)  sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   profile_tier_level( 1, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )  gdr_enabled_flag u(1)  chroma_format_idc u(2)  if( chroma_format_idc = = 3 )   separate_colour_plane_flag u(1)  res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag u(1)  pic_width_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pic_height_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  sps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( sps_conformance_window_flag ) {   sps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  sps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)  subpic_info_present_flag u(1)  if( subpic_info_present_flag ) {   sps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   sps_independent_subpics_flag u(1)   for( i = 0; sps_num_subpics_minus1 > 0 && i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ ) {    if( i > 0 && pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_ctu_top_left_x[ i ] u(v)    if( i > 0 && pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY ) {     subpic_ctu_top_left_y[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_width_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_height_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( !sps_independent_subpics_flag ) {     subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ i ] u(1)     loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_flag[ i ] u(1)    }   }   sps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag u(1)   if( subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag ) {    subpic_id_mapping_in_sps_flag u(1)    if( subpic_id_mapping_in_sps_flag )     for( i = 0; i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ )      sps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)   }  }  bit_depth_minus8 ue(v)  sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag )   sps_wpp_entry_point_offsets_present_flag u(1)  log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 u(4)  sps_poc_msb_flag u(1)  if( sps_poc_msb_flag )   poc_msb_len_minus1 ue(v)  num_extra_ph_bits_bytes u(2)  extra_ph_bits_struct( num_extra_ph_bits_bytes )  num_extra_sh_bits_bytes u(2)  extra_sh_bits_struct( num_extra_sh_bits_bytes )  if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )   sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   dpb_parameters( sps_max_sublayers_minus1, sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag )  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag u(1)  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  if( qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {   sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   }  }  sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag u(1)   same_qp_table_for_chroma u(1)   numQpTables = same_qp_table_for_chroma ? 1 : ( sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag ? 3 : 2 )   for( i = 0; i < numQpTables; i++ ) {    qp_table_start_minus26[ i ] se(v)    num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    for( j = 0; j <= num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ]; j++ ) {     delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)     delta_qp_diff_val[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }  }  sps_sao_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_alf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_alf_enabled_flag && ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_ccalf_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag ) {   log2_transform_skip_max_size_minus2 ue(v)   sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_isp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mrl_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_cclm_enabled_flag u(1)  if( chroma_format_idc = = 1 ) {   sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag u(1)   sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag u(1)  }  sps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  sps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  sps_idr_rpl_present_flag u(1)  rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 1 : 2; i++ ) {   num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] ue(v)   for( j = 0; j < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]; j++ )    ref_pic_list_struct( i, j )  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag )   sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_bdof_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_bdof_enabled_flag )   sps_bdof_pic_present_flag u(1)  sps_smvd_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dmvr_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_dmvr_enabled_flag)   sps_dmvr_pic_present_flag u(1)  sps_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  six_minus_max_num_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_sbt_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_affine_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_affine_enabled_flag ) {   five_minus_max_num_subblock_merge_cand ue(v)   sps_affine_type_flag u(1)   if( sps_amvr_enabled_flag )    sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag )    sps_prof_pic_present_flag u(1)  }  sps_bcw_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ciip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mmvd_enabled_flag )   sps_fpel_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  if( MaxNumMergeCand >= 2 ) {   sps_gpm_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_gpm_enabled_flag && MaxNumMergeCand >= 3 )    max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand ue(v)  }  log2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 ue(v)  sps_mts_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mts_enabled_flag ) {   sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_palette_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType = = 3 && !sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag )   sps_act_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag | | sps_palette_enabled_flag )   min_qp_prime_ts_minus4 ue(v)  sps_ibc_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ibc_enabled_flag )   six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_lmcs_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_lfnst_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ladf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ladf_enabled_flag ) {   sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 u(2)   sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset se(v)   for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 + 1; i++ ) {    sps_ladf_qp_offset[ i ] se(v)    sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag u(1)  if( !sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag )   sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag ) {   sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag ) {    sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundaries_pos_x[ i ] u(13)    sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundaries_pos_y[ i ] u(13)   }  }  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag ) {    general_hrd_parameters( )    if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )     sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag u(1)    firstSubLayer = sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag ? 0 :      sps_max_sublayers_minus1    ols_hrd_parameters( firstSubLayer, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )   }  }  field_seq_flag u(1)  vui_parameters_present_flag u(1)  if( vui_parameters_present_flag )   vui_parameters( ) /* Specified in ITU-T H.SE | ISO/IEC 23002-7 */  sps_extension_flag u(1)  if( sps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    sps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

Another example of the decoding process for VVC is illustrated in table 17 below. The table 17 shows syntax at SPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions.

TABLE 17 Syntax at SPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  sps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_video_parameter_set_id u(4)  sps_max_sublayers_minus1 u(3)  sps_reserved_zero_4bits u(4)  sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   profile_tier_level( 1, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )  gdr_enabled_flag u(1)  chroma_format_idc u(2)  if( chroma_format_idc = = 3 )   separate_colour_plane_flag u(1)  res_change_in_clvs_allowed_flag u(1)  pic_width_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pic_height_max_in_luma_samples ue(v)  sps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( sps_conformance_window_flag ) {   sps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   sps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  sps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)  subpic_info_present_flag u(1)  if( subpic_info_present_flag ) {   sps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   sps_independent_subpics_flag u(1)   for( i = 0; sps_num_subpics_minus1 > 0 && i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ ) {    if( i > 0 && pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_ctu_top_left_x[ i ] u(v)    if( i > 0 && pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY ) {     subpic_ctu_top_left_y[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      pic_width_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_width_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( i < sps_num_subpics_minus1 &&      pic_height_max_in_luma_samples > CtbSizeY )     subpic_height_minus1[ i ] u(v)    if( !sps_independent_subpics_flag) {     subpic_treated_as_pic_flag[ i ] u(1)     loop_filter_across_subpic_enabled_flag[ i ] u(1)    }   }   sps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag u(1)   if( subpic_id_mapping_explicitly_signalled_flag ) {    subpic_id_mapping_in_sps_flag u(1)    if( subpic_id_mapping_in_sps_flag )     for( i = 0; i <= sps_num_subpics_minus1; i++ )      sps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)   }  }  bit_depth_minus8 ue(v)  sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag )   sps_wpp_entry_point_offsets_present_flag u(1)  log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 u(4)  sps_poc_msb_flag u(1)  if( sps_poc_msb_flag )   poc_msb_len_minus1 ue(v)  num_extra_ph_bits_bytes u(2)  extra_ph_bits_struct( num_extra_ph_bits_bytes )  num_extra_sh_bits_bytes u(2)  extra_sh_bits_struct( num_extra_sh_bits_bytes )  if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )   sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag u(1)  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag )   dpb_parameters( sps_max_sublayers_minus1, sps_sublayer_dpb_params_flag )  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag u(1)  log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus2 ue(v)  partition_constraints_override_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_luma != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_luma ue(v)  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  if( qtbtt_dual_tree_intra_flag ) {   sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_intra_slice_chroma != 0 ) {    sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)    sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_intra_slice_chroma ue(v)   }  }  sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag u(1)   same_qp_table_for_chroma u(1)   numQpTables = same_qp_table_for_chroma ? 1 : ( sps_joint_cbcr_enabled_flag ? 3 : 2 )   for( i = 0; i < numQpTables; i++ ) {    qp_table_start_minus26[ i ] se(v)    num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    for( j = 0; j <= num_points_in_qp_table_minus1[ i ]; j++ ) {     delta_qp_in_val_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)     delta_qp_diff_val[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }  }  sps_sao_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_alf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_alf_enabled_flag && ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_ccalf_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag ) {   log2_transform_skip_max_size_minus2 ue(v)   sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_isp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mrl_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_mip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType != 0 )   sps_cclm_enabled_flag u(1)  if( chroma_format_idc = = 1 ) {   sps_chroma_horizontal_collocated_flag u(1)   sps_chroma_vertical_collocated_flag u(1)  }  sps_palette_enabled_flag u(1)  if( ChromaArrayType = = 3 && !sps_max_luma_transform_size_64_flag )   sps_act_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_transform_skip_enabled_flag | | sps_palette_enabled_flag )   min_qp_prime_ts_minus4 ue(v)  sps_ibc_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ibc_enabled_flag )   six_minus_max_num_ibc_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  sps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  sps_idr_rpl_present_flag u(1)  rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 1 : 2; i++ ) {   num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] ue(v)   for( j = 0; j < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]; j++ )    ref_pic_list_struct( i, j )  }  sps_log2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice ue(v)  sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice ue(v)  if( sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice != 0 ) {   sps_log2_diff_max_bt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)   sps_log2_diff_max_tt_min_qt_inter_slice ue(v)  }  sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag )   sps_sbtmvp_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_bdof_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_bdof_enabled_flag )   sps_bdof_pic_present_flag u(1)  sps_smvd_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dmvr_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_dmvr_enabled_flag)   sps_dmvr_pic_present_flag u(1)  sps_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  six_minus_max_num_merge_cand ue(v)  sps_sbt_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_affine_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_affine_enabled_flag ) {   five_minus_max_num_subblock_merge_cand ue(v)   sps_affine_type_flag u(1)   if( sps_amvr_enabled_flag )    sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_affine_prof_enabled_flag )    sps_prof_pic_present_flag u(1)  }  sps_bcw_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ciip_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mmvd_enabled_flag )   sps_fpel_mmvd_enabled_flag u(1)  if( MaxNumMergeCand >= 2 ) {   sps_gpm_enabled_flag u(1)   if( sps_gpm_enabled_flag && MaxNumMergeCand >= 3 )    max_num_merge_cand_minus_max_num_gpm_cand ue(v)  }  log2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 ue(v)  sps_mts_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_mts_enabled_flag ) {   sps_explicit_mts_intra_enabled_flag u(1)   sps_explicit_mts_inter_enabled_flag u(1)  }  sps_lmcs_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_lfnst_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_ladf_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_ladf_enabled_flag ) {   sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 u(2)   sps_ladf_lowest_interval_qp_offset se(v)   for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ladf_intervals_minus2 + 1; i++ ) {    sps_ladf_qp_offset[ i ] se(v)    sps_ladf_delta_threshold_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  sps_explicit_scaling_list_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag u(1)  if( !sps_dep_quant_enabled_flag )   sps_sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag u(1)  sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag u(1)  if( sps_virtual_boundaries_enabled_flag ) {   sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_virtual_boundaries_present_flag ) {    sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_ver_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundaries_pos_x[ i ] u(13)    sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries u(2)    for( i = 0; i < sps_num_hor_virtual_boundaries; i++ )     sps_virtual_boundaries_pos_y[ i ] u(13)   }  }  if( sps_ptl_dpb_hrd_params_present_flag ) {   sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag u(1)   if( sps_general_hrd_params_present_flag ) {    general_hrd_parameters( )    if( sps_max_sublayers_minus1 > 0 )     sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag u(1)    firstSubLayer = sps_sublayer_cpb_params_present_flag ? 0 :      sps_max_sublayers_minus1    ols_hrd_parameters( firstSubLayer, sps_max_sublayers_minus1 )   }  }  field_seq_flag u(1)  vui_parameters_present_flag u(1)  if( vui_parameters_present_flag )   vui_parameters( ) /* Specified in ITU-T H.SEI | ISO/IEC 23002-7 */  sps_extension_flag u(1)  if( sps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    sps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

According to some embodiments, the syntax elements in the picture parameter set (PPS) are arranged so that the similar function related syntax elements are grouped. An example of the decoding process for VVC is illustrated in table 18 below. Table 18 shows syntax at PPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions.

TABLE 18 Syntax at PPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions Descriptor pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  pps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag u(1)  pic_width_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pic_height_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( pps_conformance_window_flag ) {   pps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  scaling_window_explicit_signalling_flag u(1)  if( scaling_window_explicit_signalling_flag ) {   scaling_win_left_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_right_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_top_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  output_flag_present_flag u(1)  subpic_id_mapping_in_pps_flag u(1)  if( subpic_id_mapping_in_pps_flag ) {   pps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   pps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= pps_num_subpic_minus1; i++ )    pps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)  }  no_pic_partition_flag u(1)  if( !no_pic_partition_flag ) {   pps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)   num_exp_tile_columns_minus1 ue(v)   num_exp_tile_rows_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_exp_tile_columns_minus1; i++ )    tile_column_width_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_exp_tile_rows_minus1; i++ )    tile_row_height_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   if( NumTilesInPic > 1 )    rect_slice_flag u(1)   if( rect_slice_flag )    single_slice_per_subpic_flag u(1)   if( rect_slice_flag && !single_slice_per_subpic_flag ) {    num_slices_in_pic_minus1 ue(v)    if( num_slices_in_pic_minus1 > 0 )     tile_idx_delta_present_flag u(1)    for( i = 0; i < num_slices_in_pic_minus1; i++ ) {     if( NumTileColumns > 1 )      slice_width_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     if( NumTileRows > 1 && ( tile_idx_delta_present_flag | |       SliceTopLeftTileIdx[ i ] % NumTileColumns = = 0 ) )      slice_height_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     if( slice_width_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] = = 0 &&       slice_height_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] = = 0 &&  RowHeight[ SliceTopLeftTileIdx[ i ] / NumTileColumns ] > 1 ) {      num_exp_slices_in_tile[ i ] ue(v)      for( j = 0; j < num_exp_slices_in_tile[ i ]; j++ )       exp_slice_height_in_ctus_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)      i += NumSlicesInTile[ i ] − 1     }     if( tile_idx_delta_present_flag && i < num_slices_in_pic_minus1 )      tile_idx_delta[ i ] se(v)    }   }   loop_filter_across_tiles_enabled_flag u(1)   loop_filter_across_slices_enabled_flag u(1)  }  cabac_init_present_flag u(1)  init_qp_minus26 se(v)  cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag u(1)  pps_chroma_tool_offsets_present_flag u(1)  if( pps_chroma_tool_offsets_present_flag ) {   pps_cb_qp_offset se(v)   pps_cr_qp_offset se(v)   pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag u(1)   if( pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag )    pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_value se(v)   pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag u(1)   pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag u(1)  }  if( pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag ) {   chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1; i++ ) {    cb_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)    cr_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)    if( pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag )     joint_cbcr_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)   }  }  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ )   num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  rpl1_idx_present_flag u(1)  pps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  pps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  rpl_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  if( ( pps_weighted_pred_flag | | pps_weighted_bipred_flag ) && rpl_info_in_ph_flag )   wp_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  if( pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag )   pps_ref_wraparound_offset ue(v)  deblocking_filter_control_present_flag u(1)  if( deblocking_filter_control_present_flag ) {   deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag u(1)   pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag u(1)   if( !pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag ) {    pps_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cb_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cb_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cr_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cr_tc_offset_div2 se(v)   }  }  if( deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag )   dbf_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  sao_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  alf_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  picture_header_extension_present_flag u(1)  slice_header_extension_present_flag u(1)  pps_extension_flag u(1)  if( pps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    pps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

Another example of the decoding process for VVC is illustrated in table 19 below. Table 19 shows syntax at PPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions.

TABLE 19 Syntax at PPS level that groups syntax elements with similar functions Descriptor pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  pps_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  pps_seq_parameter_set_id u(4)  mixed_nalu_types_in_pic_flag u(1)  pic_width_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pic_height_in_luma_samples ue(v)  pps_conformance_window_flag u(1)  if( pps_conformance_window_flag ) {   pps_conf_win_left_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_right_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_top_offset ue(v)   pps_conf_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  scaling_window_explicit_signalling_flag u(1)  if( scaling_window_explicit_signalling_flag ) {   scaling_win_left_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_right_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_top_offset ue(v)   scaling_win_bottom_offset ue(v)  }  output_flag_present_flag u(1)  subpic_id_mapping_in_pps_flag u(1)  if( subpic_id_mapping_in_pps_flag ) {   pps_num_subpics_minus1 ue(v)   pps_subpic_id_len_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= pps_num_subpic_minus1; i++ )    pps_subpic_id[ i ] u(v)  }  no_pic_partition_flag u(1)  if( !no_pic_partition_flag ) {   pps_log2_ctu_size_minus5 u(2)   num_exp_tile_columns_minus1 ue(v)   num_exp_tile_rows_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_exp_tile_columns_minus1; i++ )    tile_column_width_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= num_exp_tile_rows_minus1; i++ )    tile_row_height_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   if( NumTilesInPic > 1 )    rect_slice_flag u(1)   if( rect_slice_flag )    single_slice_per_subpic_flag u(1)   if( rect_slice_flag && !single_slice_per_subpic_flag ) {    num_slices_in_pic_minus1 ue(v)    if( num_slices_in_pic_minus1 > 0 )     tile_idx_delta_present_flag u(1)    for( i = 0; i < num_slices_in_pic_minus1; i++ ) {     if( NumTileColumns > 1 )      slice_width_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     if( NumTileRows > 1 && ( tile_idx_delta_present_flag | |       SliceTopLeftTileIdx[ i ] % NumTileColumns = = 0 ) )      slice_height_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     if( slice_width_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] = = 0 &&       slice_height_in_tiles_minus1[ i ] = = 0 &&  RowHeight[ SliceTopLeftTileIdx[ i ] / NumTileColumns ] > 1 ) {      num_exp_slices_in_tile[ i ] ue(v)      for( j = 0; j < num_exp_slices_in_tile[ i ]; j++ )       exp_slice_height_in_ctus_minus1[ i ][ j ] ue(v)      i += NumSlicesInTile[ i ] − 1     }     if( tile_idx_delta_present_flag && i < num_slices_in_pic_minus1 )      tile_idx_delta[ i ] se(v)    }   }   loop_filter_across_tiles_enabled_flag u(1)   loop_filter_across_slices_enabled_flag u(1)  }  cabac_init_present_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ )   num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  rpl1_idx_present_flag u(1)  pps_weighted_pred_flag u(1)  pps_weighted_bipred_flag u(1)  rpl_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  if( ( pps_weighted_pred_flag | | pps_weighted_bipred_flag ) && rpl_info_in_ph_flag )   wp_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag u(1)  if( pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag )   pps_ref_wraparound_offset ue(v)  init_qp_minus26 se(v)  cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag u(1)  pps_chroma_tool_offsets_present_flag u(1)  if( pps_chroma_tool_offsets_present_flag ) {   pps_cb_qp_offset se(v)   pps_cr_qp_offset se(v)   pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag u(1)   if( pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag )    pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_value se(v)   pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag u(1)   pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag u(1)  }  if( pps_cu_chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag ) {   chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1 ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <= chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1; i++ ) {    cb_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)    cr_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)    if( pps_joint_cbcr_qp_offset_present_flag )     joint_cbcr_qp_offset_list[ i ] se(v)   }  }  deblocking_filter_control_present_flag u(1)  if( deblocking_filter_control_present_flag ) {   deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag u(1)   pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag u(1)   if( !pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag ) {    pps_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cb_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cb_tc_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cr_beta_offset_div2 se(v)    pps_cr_tc_offset_div2 se(v)   }  }  if( deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag )   dbf_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  sao_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  alf_info_in_ph_flag u(1)  picture_header_extension_present_flag u(1)  slice_header_extension_present_flag u(1)  pps_extension_flag u(1)  if( pps_extension_flag )   while( more_rbsp_data( ) )    pps_extension_data_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

FIG. 7 is a flowchart 700 illustrating an example process by which a video decoder (e.g., video decoder 30) implements the techniques of decoding video data in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 7 , in some embodiments, the video decoder 30 receives, from the bitstream, multiple syntax elements at sequence parameter set (SPS) level, and the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream (710).

The video decoder 30, in accordance with a determination that the multiple syntax elements satisfy a predefined condition, receives, from the bitstream, a second syntax element immediately after the multiple syntax elements (720).

The video decoder 30, in accordance with a determination that the multiple syntax elements do not satisfy the predefined condition, sets a default value to the second syntax element (730).

The video decoder 30, performs the predefined function to the video data from the bitstream in accordance with the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, and the predefined function is one selected from the group consisting of intra prediction function, inter prediction function, and merge mode (740).

In some embodiments, the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include:

-   -   sps_isp_enabled_flag,     -   sps_mrl_enabled_flag,     -   sps_mip_enabled_flag,     -   sps_palette_enabled_flag, and     -   sps_ibc_enabled_flag,     -   and in some embodiments the sequentially arranged multiple         syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function         does not include sps_bcw_enabled_flag.

In some embodiments, the video decoder 30, receives from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function after the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.

In some embodiments, the multiple syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include:

-   -   sps_weighted_pred_flag,     -   sps_weighted_bipred_flag,     -   long_term_ref_pics_flag,     -   inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag,     -   sps_idr_rpl_present_flag,     -   rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag,     -   sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice,     -   sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice,     -   sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag,     -   sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag,     -   sps_amvr_enabled_flag,     -   sps_bdof_enabled_flag,     -   sps_smvd_enabled_flag,     -   sps_dmvr_enabled_flag,     -   sps_mmvd_enabled_flag,     -   six_minus_max_num_merge_cand,     -   sps_sbt_enabled_flag,     -   sps_affine_enabled_flag,     -   sps_bcw_enabled_flag,     -   sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and     -   log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2

In some embodiments, the multiple syntax elements associated with the merge mode and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include:

-   -   sps_mmvd_enabled_flag     -   six_minus_max_num_merge_cand,     -   sps_sbt_enabled_flag,     -   sps_affine_enabled_flag,     -   sps_bcw_enabled_flag,     -   sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and     -   log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2.

The multiple syntax elements associated with the merge mode is also associated with the inter prediction function.

In some embodiments, the video decoder 30, receives from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with a quantization function before the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.

In some embodiments, the video decoder 30, receives, from the bitstream, multiple syntax elements at one or more of picture parameter set (PPS) level and slice level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; the video decoder 30, in accordance with a determination that the multiple syntax elements satisfy a predefined condition: receives, from the bitstream, a second syntax element immediately after the multiple syntax elements; the video decoder 30, in accordance with a determination that the multiple syntax elements do not satisfy the predefined condition: sets a default value to the second syntax element; and the video decoder 30, performs the predefined function to video data from the bitstream in accordance with the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from the group consisting of quantization function, intra prediction function, and inter prediction function.

In some embodiments, the video decoder 30, further receives a set of syntax elements associated with the quantization function before the video decoder 30 receives a set of syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function.

In some embodiments, the video decoder 30, further receives a set of syntax elements associated with the quantization function after receiving a set of syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function.

In some embodiments, the multiple syntax elements in PPS level associated with the inter prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include:

-   -   rpl1_idx_present_flag,     -   pps_weighted_pred_flag,     -   pps_weighted_bipred_flag,     -   rpl_info_in_ph_flag, and     -   pps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag.

In some embodiments, the multiple syntax elements in PPS level include: pps_weighted_pred_flag, pps_weighted_bipred_flag, and rpl_info_in_ph_flag; the predefined condition is: (pps_weighted_pred_flag is true or pps_weighted_bipred_flag is true) and rpl_info_in_ph_flag is true; and the second syntax is wp_info_in_ph_flag.

The above methods may be implemented using an apparatus that includes one or more circuitries, which include application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other electronic components. The apparatus may use the circuitries in combination with the other hardware or software components for performing the above-described methods. Each module, sub-module, unit, or sub-unit disclosed above may be implemented at least partially using one or more circuitries.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over, as one or more instructions or code, a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the implementations described in the present application. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

The terminology used in the description of the implementations herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to limit the scope of claims. As used in the description of the implementations and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first electrode could be termed a second electrode, and, similarly, a second electrode could be termed a first electrode, without departing from the scope of the implementations. The first electrode and the second electrode are both electrodes, but they are not the same electrode.

The description of the present application has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications, variations, and alternative implementations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various implementations and to best utilize the underlying principles and various implementations with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Therefore, it is to be understood that the scope of claims is not to be limited to the specific examples of the implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, multiple syntax elements at a sequence parameter set (SPS) level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; in response to a determination that at least one of the multiple syntax elements satisfies a predefined condition: receiving, from the bitstream, a second syntax element after the multiple syntax elements; in response to a determination that the at least one of the multiple syntax elements does not satisfy the predefined condition: setting a value of the second syntax element to a default value; and performing the predefined function for video data from the bitstream in accordance with at least one of the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from a group consisting of an intra prediction function, an inter prediction function, and a merge mode.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_isp_enabled_flag, sps_mrl_enabled_flag, sps_mip_enabled_flag, sps_palette_enabled_flag, and sps_ibc_enabled_flag, and wherein the sequentially arranged multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function do not include sps_bcw_enabled_flag.
 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising, receiving from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function after the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_weighted_pred_flag, sps_weighted_bipred_flag, long_term_ref_pics_flag, inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag, sps_idr_rpl_present_flag, rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag, sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice, sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice, sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag, sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag, sps_amvr_enabled_flag, sps_bdof_enabled_flag, sps_smvd_enabled_flag, sps_dmvr_enabled_flag, sps_mmvd_enabled_flag, six_minus_max_num_merge_cand, sps_sbt_enabled_flag, sps_affine_enabled_flag, sps_bcw_enabled_flag, sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the merge mode and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_mmvd_enabled_flag six_minus_max_num_merge_cand, sps_sbt_enabled_flag, sps_affine_enabled_flag, sps_bcw_enabled_flag, sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2.
 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising, receiving from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with the merge mode before the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the receiving the second syntax element is conducted immediately after the multiple syntax elements.
 8. An electronic apparatus comprising: one or more processing units; memory coupled to the one or more processing units; and a plurality of programs stored in the memory that, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform actions of decoding video data, the actions comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, multiple syntax elements at a sequence parameter set (SPS) level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; in response to a determination that at least one of the multiple syntax elements satisfies a predefined condition: receiving, from the bitstream, a second syntax element after the multiple syntax elements; in response to a determination that the at least one of the multiple syntax elements does not satisfy the predefined condition: setting a value of the second syntax element to a default value; and performing the predefined function for video data from the bitstream in accordance with at least one of the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from a group consisting of an intra prediction function, an inter prediction function, and a merge mode.
 9. The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_isp_enabled_flag, sps_mrl_enabled_flag, sps_mip_enabled_flag, sps_palette_enabled_flag, and sps_ibc_enabled_flag, and wherein the sequentially arranged multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function do not include sps_bcw_enabled_flag.
 10. The electronic apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the method further comprises, receiving from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function after the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.
 11. The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_weighted_pred_flag, sps_weighted_bipred_flag, long_term_ref_pics_flag, inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag, sps_idr_rpl_present_flag, rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag, sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice, sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice, sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag, sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag, sps_amvr_enabled_flag, sps_bdof_enabled_flag, sps_smvd_enabled_flag, sps_dmvr_enabled_flag, sps_mmvd_enabled_flag, six_minus_max_num_merge_cand, sps_sbt_enabled_flag, sps_affine_enabled_flag, sps_bcw_enabled_flag, sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2
 12. The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the merge mode and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_mmvd_enabled_flag six_minus_max_num_merge_cand, sps_sbt_enabled_flag, sps_affine_enabled_flag, sps_bcw_enabled_flag, sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2.
 13. The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the actions further comprise, receiving from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with the merge mode before the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.
 14. The electronic apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the receiving the second syntax element is conducted immediately after the multiple syntax elements.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, having instructions stored thereon, which when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to perform acts of decoding video data, the acts comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, multiple syntax elements at a sequence parameter set (SPS) level, wherein the multiple syntax elements are associated with a predefined function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream; in response to a determination that at least one of the multiple syntax elements satisfies a predefined condition: receiving, from the bitstream, a second syntax element after the multiple syntax elements; in response to a determination that the at least one of the multiple syntax elements does not satisfy the predefined condition: setting a value of the second syntax element to a default value; and performing the predefined function for video data from the bitstream in accordance with at least one of the multiple syntax elements and the second syntax element, wherein the predefined function is one selected from a group consisting of an intra prediction function, an inter prediction function, and a merge mode.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_isp_enabled_flag, sps_mrl_enabled_flag, sps_mip_enabled_flag, sps_palette_enabled_flag, and sps_ibc_enabled_flag, and wherein the sequentially arranged multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function do not include sps_bcw_enabled_flag.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 16, wherein the method further comprises, receiving from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function after the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the inter prediction function and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_weighted_pred_flag, sps_weighted_bipred_flag, long_term_ref_pics_flag, inter_layer_ref_pics_present_flag, sps_idr_rpl_present_flag, rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag, sps_log 2_diff_min_qt_min_cb_inter_slice, sps_max_mtt_hierarchy_depth_inter_slice, sps_ref_wraparound_enabled_flag, sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag, sps_amvr_enabled_flag, sps_bdof_enabled_flag, sps_smvd_enabled_flag, sps_dmvr_enabled_flag, sps_mmvd_enabled_flag, six_minus_max_num_merge_cand, sps_sbt_enabled_flag, sps_affine_enabled_flag, sps_bcw_enabled_flag, sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the multiple syntax elements associated with the merge mode and sequentially arranged in the bitstream at least include: sps_mmvd_enabled_flag six_minus_max_num_merge_cand, sps_sbt_enabled_flag, sps_affine_enabled_flag, sps_bcw_enabled_flag, sps_ciip_enabled_flag, and log 2_parallel_merge_level_minus2.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the acts further comprise, receiving from the bitstream, a set of syntax elements associated with merge mode before the receiving of the multiple syntax elements associated with the intra prediction function. 